ARTICLE

 

Pattern of cerebral palsy seen in children attending the outpatient paediatric physiotherapy clinics in Osun State tertiary hospitals in Nigeria

 

 

J O Omole^I; S A Adegoke^{II, III}; K O Omole^IV; O A Adeyemi^V

^IB Physio, MSc (PT); Department of Physiotherapy, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
^IIMB ChB, FWACP, MPH, PhD; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
^IIIMB ChB, FWACP, MPH, PhD; Department of Paediatrics, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Wesley Guild Unit, Ilesha, Osun State, Nigeria
^IVMBBS, FWACP; Department of Paediatrics, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Wesley Guild Unit, Ilesha, Osun State, Nigeria
^VBSc, MSc (Public Health) Department of Physiotherapy, Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria

Correspondence

 

 

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ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a major cause of disability in children and the most commonly encountered neurologic condition by paediatric physiotherapists in Nigeria. Local data on the pattern of presentation of CP and standardised management protocols are lacking.
OBJECTIVES. To assess the pattern of CP seen in children attending paediatric physiotherapy clinics in Osun State tertiary hospitals.
METHODS. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in three tertiary hospitals within Osun State, Nigeria. Data were collected using caregiver questionnaires, medical records and physical assessment (Gross Motor Function Measure-88) and were recorded on a standardised case record form. Data were analysed using appropriate statistical tests with alpha set at p<0.05.
RESULTS. A total of 187 children with CP were seen during the six-month period. The male to female ratio was 1.2:1 and the children were aged 12 months to 12 years. The majority of the mothers (63.6%) were primiparous and, at the time of delivery, most mothers were aged between 28 and 33 years. Spastic (72.7%) and quadriplegic (69.5%) presentations were the leading sub-types of CP, with 76.5% of children having one or more associated problems. Birth asphyxia (57.2%) was the leading aetiology of CP while speech impairment was common in 63.6% of cases. One hundred and fourteen (61%) children were classified as being severely disabled and 53.5% had a gross motor function measure score of less than 40.9%.
CONCLUSION. Severe CP is commonly encountered in the region, with children most frequently presenting with spastic quadriplegia and speech impairment. A good knowledge of the pattern of CP seen in south-western Nigeria is one of the first steps in developing a standardised protocol.

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Neurological disorders are common in childhood, with cerebral palsy (CP) being one of the leading causes of disability.^1,2 CP is a disorder of abnormal posture with scarcity of movement caused by lesions in an immature or developing brain with varying degrees of associated problems including seizure disorders, intellectual disabilities, communication difficulties, learning difficulties, visual impairment, bladder and bowel control problems and swallowing difficulties.³ The prevalence of CP in well-resourced countries is between 1.5 to 2.5 per 1 000 live births while in Africa the prevalence is between 1.5 and 10 per 1 000 live births.^4-8 Reasons for this disparity have been attributed to poor government policies on healthcare, harmful traditional beliefs, higher rates of unsupervised deliveries and inadequate equipment to implement resuscitative procedure following complicated labour in many African countries.⁹

CP can occur during the prenatal, perinatal or postnatal stages.¹⁰ In some cases, the aetiology of CP is not known, however, some common identifiable causes include birth asphyxia, severe jaundice/ kernicterus, infections, neonatal seizures, prematurity and low birth weight.^5,10 Diagnosis of CP is made by clinical evaluation with or without cerebral imaging. Failure to identify aetiology in a child with a neurological condition does not exclude CP, provided the brain injury that resulted in the motor function deficits occurred before the child was older than three years of age.¹⁰ Children with CP require lifelong healthcare, by a range of professional disciplines (including paediatrician, neurologist, orthopaedic surgeon, physiotherapist, occupational therapist and speech therapist), using substantial human and financial resources.^11,12

Physiotherapy plays a major role in the management of children with CP.¹³ The aims of physiotherapy intervention include: strengthening of the mother-to-child bonding, optimisation of functional skills, physical endurance and motor development, therein facilitating school participation via provision of mobility devices, advising and facilitating appropriate handling and positioning and preventing complications such as contractures and other deformities. Physiotherapy treatment approaches include neurodevelopmental therapy, sensory integration therapy, conductive education, constraint induced movement therapy, context focused therapy, advance neuromotor rehabilitation, biofeedback and physical activity training.^13,14 Despite the important rehabilitative role of physiotherapy in the management of children with CP in Nigeria, standardised protocols or guidelines are lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the pattern of CP in children attending the paediatric physiotherapy clinics located in tertiary hospitals, Osun State, Nigeria, to inform the development of a standardised clinical guideline for the physiotherapy management of the children.

 

Methods

Study design and participants

This was a hospital-based, cross-sectional, descriptive study of consecutive children attending the paediatric physiotherapy clinics of three tertiary hospitals in Osun State, Nigeria, over a six-month period. There are also primary and secondary healthcare facilities available in the state but the physiotherapy services are inadequate at secondary centres. Children were eligible for inclusion if they were aged between 12 months and 12 years, and had a documented referral from a paediatrician or neurologist confirming the diagnosis of CP. Children with other neurological conditions such as spina bifida, Down's syndrome, and poliomyelitis were excluded from the study.

Procedure

Ethical approval (ref. no. ERC/2017/06/34) was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Approval was also obtained from the heads of the Departments of Physiotherapy and Paediatrics at the study sites. Informed consent for participation of the children in the study was obtained from the parents/caregivers prior to enrolment. Parents/caregivers accompanying the children were asked to fill in a questionnaire. Information obtained included present age (mother, child, and primary caregiver if not the mother), sex, the birth order of the child with CP in the family, level of education of the primary caregiver and their spouse, occupation of the primary caregiver and their spouse, and monthly income.

Information obtained from medical records and physical assessment included: aetiology; classification of CP based on the topographical distribution (diplegia, hemiplegia and quadriplegia); nature of the movement disorder (spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, mixed and hypotonic); severity of CP using the Gross Motor Function Classification System - Expanded and Explained (GMFCS-ER); the extent of motor impairments using the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88); and associated problems such as intellectual disabilities, seizure disorders, and speech and hearing impairments.

The GMFCS-ER is a reliable and valid tool for assessment of the severity of CP.¹⁵ The tool focuses on sitting, transfer and mobility ,which are all self-initiated movements. It assesses five levels of function, with Level I indicating that ambulation is possible with no restriction, while Level V indicates that self-ambulation is not possible and mobility is only achievable using a wheelchair. Five age categories are used in this scale: <2 years, 2 - 4 years, 4 - 6 years, 6 - 12 years and 12 - 18 years.¹⁵

The GMFM - 88 is also a reliable and valid tool consisting of 88 domains sub-divided into the following 5 items: Item A - Lying and Rolling, Item B - Sitting, Item C - Crawling and Kneeling, Item D - Standing and Item E - Walking, Running and Jumping. Scoring ranges from 0 ("does not initiate') to 3 ('completes').⁶ The advantage of this scale is that it allows professionals to objectively assess motor performance changes over time.¹⁷

Data analysis

Socioeconomic status of parents of children with CP was calculated using the Ogunlesi et aí.¹⁸ classification of social class. The method is a modification of an earlier classification done by Oyedeji.¹⁹ The previous classification did not take into account the parents' income to assign socioeconomic scores - hence the need for this modification. In summary, socioeconomic scores were allotted to both educational qualification and occupation based on the equivalents of each parent's mean income using their percentile incomes.¹⁸ Socioeconomic class was scored as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, with the social class represented as I, II, III IV and V, respectively. Socioeconomic class was further sub-classified as: (i) a total score of 1 or 2 representing social classes I and II were sub-classified as upper class; (ii) a total score of 3 representing social class III was sub-classified as middle class; (iii) a total score of 4 or 5 representing social classes IV and V were sub-classified as lower class.

Continuous variables such as age were summarised using median and interquartile range (IQR), while categorical variables such as sex, motor type, and topography were summarised using percentages and proportions. Associations between categorical variables were determined using the χ² test. Data were analysed using Statistical Programme for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 22.0 (IBM Corp., USA). The alpha level was set at 0.05.

 

Results

A total of 187 children with CP were included during the six months' study period. The median (IQR) age of the children was 3.0 (1.0 - 5.0) years with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1 while the median (IQR) age of mothers (at child's birth) was 28.0 (24.0 - 33.0) years. General characteristics of children with CP and their mothers/caregivers was captured (Table 1). First-born children constituted the highest prevalence of CP cases seen in this study (63.6%), while mothers in the age range of 28 - 33 years (41.7%) gave the highest frequency. The parental/caregivers' socioeconomic status showed that upper class families constituted 23.5%, while lower class families were 43.9%. Post-secondary education of parents/caregivers constituted the highest prevalence seen (54%) in this study, while monthly income between 18 000 and 50 000 was 35.3%. The three most common individual aetiology were: birth asphyxia (57.2%), central nervous system infection (18.2%) and kernicterus (11.7%) whilst the three most associated problems seen in this study were: speech impairments (63.6%), seizure disorders (21.4%) and oral motor impairment (including problems with feeding, swallowing and drooling) (13.4%) (Table 2).

 

 

Distribution of children's severity levels, motor type, topography, age categories, and number of associated problems per child were also captured (Table 3). Spastic CP was the most common motor type (72.7%) with severe deficits (GMFCS Levels IV and V) occurring in 73.5% of this group. Quadriplegic CP was the most common topographical distribution (69.5%), accompanied by severe deficits in 79.2% of cases. Mild deficits (GMFCS Levels I and II) were generally associated with one or no co-morbidities; while more severe CP tended to present with more than one associated problems χ²=53.22 and p=0.001. A breakdown of the type of associated problems was conducted (Table 4). Speech impairment was the most prevalent single associated problem (25.7%) whilst a combination of the three associated problems of speech impairment, visual impairment and seizure disorder (3.7%) were the most prevalent. The pattern and relationship between gross motor function classification system and the gross motor function measure was analysed (Table 5). Mild deficits (Level I and II) of CP were associated with a lesser degree of motor impairment (80 - 100%) while severe deficits of CP related to a higher degree of motor impairment (0 - 20.9%) (X²=291.82; p=0.002).

 

 

The gross motor function classification system was also significantly associated with other variables, i.e. socioeconomic status (X²=22.42; p=0.004); topography (X²=144.26; p=0.001); motor type (X²=74.79; p=0.001); and birth order (X²=55.77; p=0.001) (Table 6).

 

Discussion

This study showed a slight male bias of 1.2:1, in line with previous studies.^20-22 Reasons for this bias may be attributed to male susceptibility to genetic mutations and variants in recessive X-linked chromosomes.²³ A greater proportion of children who were firstborns (63.6%) presented with CP in this study. Reasons for this may be due to the nature of healthcare delivery in Nigeria. Cultural preference and financial resource limitations may affect the choices of mothers in terms of home v. institutional delivery, and that the facilities and expertise available amongst different institutions are highly variable.⁹ Primigravid women are more at risk of prolonged obstructed labour, which may lead to birth asphyxia in babies and subsequent development of CP.²⁴ Hashim et al.²⁵ concluded that primigravids were a high-risk factor for both maternal and perinatal outcome because they were prone to prolong second-stage labour and fetal distress.

The top three most common causes of CP in this study were birth asphyxia, CNS infections and kernicterus. This finding is in agreement with previous studies in Nigeria.^1,2,22 In well-resourced environments, prenatal events have been reported to account for about 75% - 95% of all cases of CP seen,^26,27 while perinatal asphyxia only accounts for 6% - 7%.²⁶ Prenatal aetiologies include vascular injuries, placental conditions, maternal infections and genetic factors, amongst others.^26-28 Vascular injuries such as periventricular haemorrhages could occur during the critical stages of brain development, particularly from the 24th to the 34th week of gestation. For these reasons, the term hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy has been replaced with the term neonatal encephalopathy since, in most child deliveries, no evidence exists of either an acute hypoxia or ischaemic birth. Furthermore, only 13% of neonatal encephalopathy seen in newborn babies actually results in CP.²³ However, birth asphyxia remains a common cause of CP in developing nations such as Nigeria. Reasons for this include poor health service delivery, particularly in primary health centres, insufficient number of professional health workers, and lack of basic obstetric and neonatal resuscitation equipment.⁹

     Most parents/caregivers of children with CP came from a lower socioeconomic background. Findings from this study are consistent with those of previous studies.^2,29 Having a lower educational status does not leave many opportunities for a high-paying job. However, it was observed from this study that only 8% of parents/caregivers stopped at primary school education while over 50% went ahead to complete tertiary education. Nevertheless, the income of118 (63.1%) parents/caregivers was < 51 000 per month, which is equivalent to USD137 and about 3 days' minimum wage.³⁰ This may imply that less purchasing power rather than ignorance resulted in mothers seeking poor antenatal and delivery care centres.²⁹

CP can be classified either by using the nature of movement disorder (motor type) or topographical distribution.²⁶ In this study, the most predominant movement disorder type was spastic CP (73.3%). These findings were similar to previous studies done by Frank-Briggs and Alikor,² and Ogunlesi et al.²⁹ Four children (>4 years at the time of this study) with CP (2.1%) were observed to be hypotonic. Hypotonia is common during infancy; however, most children with CP will begin to develop spasticity, athetosis or ataxia transiently over the first two years of life.³¹ Permanent hypotonia has previously been described in children with CP, most commonly associated with congenital CP.²⁶

Quadriplegia (67.4%) was the most prevalent topographical distribution of CP, in agreement with previous studies.^21,29 About two-thirds (67.6%) of children with spastic CP were quadriplegic. Both the spastic motor and quadriplegic sub-types of CP showed a high affinity for Level V of the GMFCS: 58.1% and 62.3% respectively. The GMFCS is an assessment tool used to determine both the severity of CP and likely prognosis.¹⁵ A child with a GMFCS of level V simply implies that voluntary control of movement is greatly restricted due to the child's body impairment and will require a high level of assistance from caregivers (parents, relatives or guardians) for mobility, usually requiring a wheelchair and a high level of dependence for other activities of daily living.¹⁵

There was a greater proportion of children with severe disability (GMFCS IV and V; 60.9%) in this study, with only 33.2% of children presenting with mild CP (GMFCS I and II). This finding is contrary to the work done by Obembe et al.,³² who reported that the prevalence of severe and mild disability was similar at 28.6% and 36.3% respectively. The results of this study may present a selection bias, as there is an active community awareness programme in Osun State, with education about what CP is and the role of physiotherapy in managing a child with CP. Mothers of children with severe disability are encouraged to bring their wards to the physiotherapy clinics for assessment and rehabilitation. This may explain the disparity observed between studies.

Children with mild disability (GMFCS I and II) tend to have fewer associated problems, while those with severe disability (GMFCS IV and V) tend to present with one or more associated problems. Associated problems are additional health conditions that are seen in children with CP which may affect the quality of life of the child.³ Associated problems include intellectual disability, seizure disorders, sleep disorder, pain, bladder incontinence and deafness.³

The GMFM is an assessment tool used by physiotherapist and other healthcare professionals to objectively determine the gross motor capacity of a child with CP. This observational instrument is usually used in clinics as an outcome measure to record changes in gross functional abilities of children with CP from baseline to a predetermined duration of physiotherapy or other therapeutic interventions.^16,17 In this study, it was observed that the lower the gross motor functional scores (GMFM), the higher the level of severity (GMFCS Levels IV and V); while the higher the gross motor functional scores, the lower the level of severity (Levels I and II).

 

Study limitations

This study was a hospital-based (tertiary institutions only) study and so there is a possibility that our observations may not be a complete representation of all children with CP in Osun State. Also, data of respondents without cerebral palsy during this study were not collected. Therefore, a statistical analysis of the difference between children with CP and those without CP could not be computed. However, the pattern of children with CP seen in tertiary hospitals in Osun State has been highlighted.

 

Conclusion

Children with CP have various challenges with activities and participation as a result of impairments to their body structure. Management of children with CP by a paediatric physiotherapist is long-term and demanding. Developing locally relevant, standardised protocols/guidelines for the treatment of children with CP may optimise the physiotherapy management of these children, and improve functional outcomes. This study provides information regarding the pattern of CP in children in Osun State, Nigeria, as one of the first steps to develop a physiotherapy management protocol for the region.

Acknowledgements. The authors gratefully acknowledge the parents of the study respondents for giving consent to participate in the study.

Author's contribution. JOO: conceptualised the study, collected and analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. SAA: analysis and critical review of the manuscript. KOO: analysis and critical review of the manuscript. OAA: critical review of the manuscript. All the authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Funding. None.

Conflicts of interest. None.

 

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Correspondence:
J O Omole
elidrwiz@yahoo.com

Accepted 1 February 2018