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South African Journal of Chemistry

On-line version ISSN 1996-840X
Print version ISSN 0379-4350

S.Afr.j.chem. (Online) vol.72  Durban  2019

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/0379-4350/2019/v72a30 

RESEARCH ARTICLE

 

Speciation Study of L-ascorbic Acid and its Chelated Cu(II) & Ni(II) Complexes: an Experimental and Theoretical Model of Complex Formation

 

 

Sujay MahataI; Ishani MitraI; Subhajit MukherjeeI; Venkata Pera Reddy B.I; Goutam Kr. GhoshII; Wolfgang LinertIII; Sankar Ch. MoiI, *

IDepartment of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, Durgapur-713209, W.B., India
IIDepartment of Chemistry, Bankura University, Bankura-722155, WB, India
IIIInstitute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt, 9/163 AC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria

 

 


ABSTRACT

Different species of L-ascorbic acid and their corresponding complex formation ability with Cu(II) and Ni(II) metal ions in aqueous medium has been studied in the pH range from 2.0-12.5. The stability constants of different complexes of Cu(II) and Ni(II) with the bidentate ligand, L-ascorbic acid were determined theoretically using MINIQUARD software. Speciation of ligand and complex of Cu(II)/Ni(II) ascorbate were experimentally investigated by the titration method in solution within this pH range. Different Cu (II) and Ni(II)-L-ascorbic acid species percentages with variation of pH were calculated within the studied pH range with the help of another computer programs SIM and SPECIES. Different species distribution diagrams and the equilibria for the formation of the species were also investigated and at higher pH, ML2 species was found to be the major species in the case of both the metal complexes. All the theoretical possible structures of Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes with L-ascorbic acid were optimized and square pyramidal and square planer geometry have been evaluated for Cu(II) and Ni(II) respectively by Gaussian09 software. Their corresponding HOMO-LUMO energy and reactivity parameters such as chemical hardness (ç), ionization potential (I), electron affinity (A), electro negativity (χ), chemical potential («), electrophilicity index (ω) have been calculated in order to provide a better understanding of the electronic structure of complexes with the experimental results.

Keywords: Cu(II)and Ni(II) complexes, ascorbic acid, molecular speciation, DFT, reactivity parameters.


 

 

1. Introduction

Different metal ions play an important role1 in our physiological system, particularly in the presence of biologically relevant molecules such as vitamins, proteins, peptides and different enzymes. These molecules exist in different structures and conformations at different pH. Metal ions, particularly Ca(II), Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Mg(II) govern the metabolic steps in our biological system.2-6 Ascorbic acid is an essential micronutrient for several biochemical roles. It acts as a cofactor for various enzymes involved in several processes like hydroxylation of collagen, conversion of dopamine to nor epinephrine and in tyrosine metabolism.7,8 Ironically, ascorbic acid is also a recognized pro-oxidant in vitro. Ascorbic acid with Cu or Fe have been used to persuade oxidation in lipids, proteins and DNA.9,10 Ascorbic acid may initiate oxidation by reducing Cu2+ to Cu+, which results in reducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to hydroxyl radicals.11 It has also been observed that both ascorbic acid and nickel sulphate affect the metabolic functions in humans by oral exposure.12 The oral route of absorption for both is via different parts of the human gastrointestinal tract where, a variation of the pH of the micro-environment exists.

Over the past few decades, chemical speciation has been an analytical tool of paramount importance in human natural science and in pharmacological medicine. The chemical forms and speciation of the micronutrients (like copper and nickel based) substantially decide their biological or physiological functions. Cu(II) and Ni(II) metal ions are related with several enzymes13 and any change in their abundance in our physiological systems, which leads to metabolic disorders. Thus, different complex species of these metals with biologically relevant molecules is significant. The identification and quantification of the chemical forms of the trace metals is essential to elucidate biological activities in physiological system. A speciation analysis for the interaction of the metal ions with prevalent bio-molecules will enlighten us regarding the bonding behaviour and the bio-availability of the formed species in biological fluids. L-ascorbic acid has a unique behaviour in respect of its flexible nature of chelating to different metal ions with different geometry, particularly with Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes (Fig.1) and have been considered for speciation studies along with structural modelling by Density functional theory (DFT). The aim of the current investigation is to explore the interaction of L-ascorbic acid with the metal ions (Cu2+ and Ni2+) and consequently, the relative concentration of the various possible species at different pH solutions in vitro, which in turn will aid in comprehending similar interactions in physiological systems in vivo.

 

2. Experimental

2.1. Instrument and Software

Titration of metal salts and L-ascorbic acid mixtures with 0.386 (M) NaOH were performed with variable concentration of metal ions and ligand by Metrohm 888-Titrando (Titro-processor), which was standardized by 0.01(M) potassium hydrogen phthalate solution. SCPHD, MINIQUARD, SIM and SPECIES software programs were used for correction factor, stability constants and species percentage determination, respectively. DFT calculations were performed by Gaussian09 software14 with B3LYP level theory and 6-31G(d) basis set in polar continuum model using water as solvent.

2.2. Reagents and Methods

GR grade anhydrous CuSO4 (99.99 %) and NiCl2 (99.99 %) were purchased from Merck, India, and were used to prepare (0.1 mol L-1) aqueous solutions in double-distilled water. L-ascorbic acid (99.0 %) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich and aqueous 0.1 (M) solution was prepared for speciation study in solution phase. 2.0 mol L-1of titrant solution was prepared from NaCl (99.0 %) (Merck, India). Various errors (liquid junction potential, Na+ ion, activity coefficient, etc.) and correction factors were calculated from simulated acid-base titration data and computed by the SCPHD program.15,16 The reactions were monitored at constant temperature 25± 0.1 °C throughout the titra tion process using temperature thermostat. For all the titrations, the mixed titrants contain 0.1-0.2 m.mol of hydrochloric acid out of 50.0 cm3 solutions. Relative concentrations of metal ions and chelating ligand 1:1,1:2,1:3 and 1:4 were taken respectively in 50 mL volume and titrated with standard NaOH solution. Triplicate titrations were repeated to achieve best results for each stoichiometric ratio of different metal ligand combinations. Different reaction conditions, concentrations and calculated stability constant (log β) values for different complex species of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with L-ascorbic acid are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

 

 

2.3. Modelling of Complex Species

Complex formation stability constant of different probable complexes, a best fitting metal chelates with different stoichio-metric ratio of metal and ligand were considered and calculated by SIM computer program.17 Few heuristics were performed to refine the log β and validate the models.18,19 Formation constant of acid-base equilibria of metal complex formation of both Ni(II) and Cu(II) of L-ascorbic acid were selected based on possibility and refinement of stability constant, which were calculated by SIM computer program. Their structures were optimized by Gaussian09 software B3LYP/6-31G(d) in CPCM-water.

 

3. Results and Discussion

The outcome of different reaction conditions and stability constant (log β) values for different complex species for the best-fit models were calculated with 'MINIQUARD' software program and given in Tables 1 and 2. Lower standard divergence in the log β signifies the precision of these parameters, which effect the formation constant. The experimental results can be represented by the model species where small values of Ucorr (summation of the squares of the change in the concentrations of different species at all the points) correspond to the correction for degrees of freedom. The lesser values of the mean, mean deviation and standard deviation substantiate that the residuals are about a zero mean with little variation which is a part of a normal statistical distribution. Therefore, applying least squares method in the current results and obtained statistical parameters describe the best-fit models of the Ni(II) and Cu(II) with L-ascorbic acid chelation in aqueous medium.

3.1. Species Distribution Diagrams

Probable different species formation of L-ascorbic acid with Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes are shown in Scheme 1. pKa values of L-ascorbic acid are evaluated from calculated stability constant (log β) followed by different species formation within the studied pH range, which are found to be very close to the reported20 pKa values (4.04 and 11.7) of L-ascorbic acid. It also indicates the precession and reliability of the methods. Ascorbic acid possesses three potential functional groups (vinyl OH, alcoholic-OH and carboxylic acid (-COOH) group) but only the vinyl OH group participates in de-protonation equilibrium and takes part in the complex formation reaction either through two vicinal oxygen centres or single oxygen centre as shown in Fig. 1. The neutral and deprotonated form of L-ascorbic acid remain as LH2,LH- and L2- in the following pH ranges from 2.0-5.0, 2.0-10.0 and 10.0-12.0 (where, L= bidentate or monodentate L-ascorbic acid). Ascorbic acid is a reductone, having a carbonyl group adjacent to the enediol moiety, i.e. -C(OH) = C(OH)-C=O)-. After successive deprotonation of both these hydroxyl groups, it forms a resonance stabilized bay region, an electron rich reactive zone which reveals five-membered ring chelations with metal ions. Other hydroxyl groups on the side chain do not deprotonate in this working pH range. Furthermore, enediol structure is stabilized by the resonance in consequence of tautomerism with the adjacent carbonyl.

Species formation of L-ascorbic acid with variation of pH is also confined by potentiometric titration with standard base in the pH range 2.0-12.0 (Fig. 2A). The stability constants of all possible species were determined by computational program SIM and shown in (Tables 1 and 2). Different percentage of species of both metal complexes20 with variation of pH were calculated using SIM software and shown in (Tables 3 and 4). The species distribution diagram of metal ions Ni(II) and Cu(II) form different species21,22 with L-ascorbic acid are shown in (Fig. 2C and Fig. 2B).The probable metal-ligand complexes are ML2, MLH+ and ML2H, (where, M = Cu(II)/ Ni(II) ions and L = L-ascorbic acid) which are shown in Figs 1 and 2. The species distribution diagrams of binary systems were plotted pH versus % of different species formed at a particular pH and were performed using software SIM and Origin-8. These equilibria for the formation different species of ascorbic acid and their different complex formation in aqueous in the studied pH ranges can be represented as follows:

In the case of Cu(II), complex species (MLH2) forms below pH 2.0 and species percentage reaches maximum 15 % and starts to decrease and becomes zero at pH 2.3. Similarly complex MLH remains at 30 % at pH 2.0 and at 4.0, becomes zero. Complex 1, species ML was at 55 % at pH 2.0 and became maximum (100 % ) at pH 3.0-6.0 and decreased. Simultaneously ML2 the corresponding species for complex 2 started to form and increased with the increase of pH up to 12.0. No complex 3 species ML3 was traced out in the experimental speciation diagram. A similar observation was found in case of Ni(II) complexes with different species percentage as shown in Fig. 2C.

3.2. Structural Optimization and Theoretical Evidence on Experimental Results

Experimentally determined Cu(II)/Ni(II) complexes with L-ascorbic acid as different species formation with variation of pH were confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) study. The predominating complexes like ML, ML2 were found in species diagram and their formation were supported by density functional theory (DFT) also. Structural parameters like bond distance (A) and bond angles (°) of different possible Cu(II)/Ni(II) complexes were calculated and determined from optimized structures, which are shown in Fig 3. Generally, Cu(II) ions form different structural complexes having octahedral, square planar and distorted square pyramidal geometry with bidente ligand (O, O donor). More stable theoretically found Cu(II) complexes like [Cu(L-asa)(H2O)3(OH)] 1 (species ML),[Cu(L-asa)2(H2O)2]2-2 (species ML2) and [Cu(L-asa)4]^ 3 (species ML3) reveal square pyramidal geometry other than octahedral or square planar. In complex 1, out of three water molecules, one water molecule is in axial position and other two water molecules are in equatorial positions. Interestingly, fourth water molecule coordinate as O-H (hydroxyl group) through hydrogen bonding (distance 1.573Ä) with the chain hydroxyl hydrogen of L-ascorbic acid. On the other hand, in complex 2, one water molecule is in the axial position and other one is in an equatorial position with different bond distances. Square pyramidal geometry of both the complexes are interesting because, when we tried to optimize their octahedral geometry by considering four water molecules and one ascorbic acid as a bidentate chelate, it automatically transformed to square pyramidal instead of expected optimized octahedral geometry. It might be due to the property of either bidentate chelating capacity or the inherent property of Cu(II) ion itself towards L-ascorbic acid. To confirm the square pyramidal geometry, Cu(II) with three bidentate ascorbic acid was considered for optimization, which also give square pyramidal structure chelated by bidentate centres in equatorial position and one ligand remains in axial position as monodentate ligand. It reveals that bidentate ascorbic acid does not always prefer to coordinate as a bidentate donor. It prefers a particular geometry depending on the nature of the metal centre, stable ring structure (preferably five-membered) as well as the bite angle of the chelating agent. We have tried to calculate the stability constant of ML3 complex but its calculated value was too low and corresponding species percentage become below 10 % which is excluded from the data and is not shown in the species diagram.

In case of the Ni(II) complexes, [Ni(L-asa)(H2O)2] 4 (species ML), [Ni(L-asa)2]2-5 (species ML2) and [Ni(L-asa)3]2-6 (species ML3) show square planar geometry. In complex 4, L-ascorbic acid acts as a bidentate chelate and two aqua molecules coordinate almost in square planar geometry, whereas in complex 5 two ascorbic acid molecules chelate from opposite sides and forms a square planar complex. Unlike complexes 4 and 5, two ascorbate moieties chelate as mono-dentate and another one as bidentate chelate and ultimately form square planar in complex 6 in Fig. 3.

In order to provide a better understanding of experimental results, theoretical investigation like optimization of all complexes 1-6 (coordinates of all the optimized complexes are given in supplementary material) and HOMO-LUMO energy calculation were performed. HOMO-LUMO energy calculation is significant to interpret their further reactivity in biological system with other bioactive molecules, which might be assessed from their electronic structure and the HOMO-LUMO energy difference of complexes. In case Cu(II) complexes 1-3, HOMO-LUMO energy difference (Fig. 4) in complex 1 is maximum and minimum in case of complex 3, which is probably due to steric effect of the three bulky chelating ligands. Complex 2 is stabilized through two strong hydrogen bonds and corresponding HOMO-LUMO energy difference is comparatively more than complex 3. HOMO-LUMO frontier molecular orbitals and energy gap (Fig. 5) among the Ni(II) complexes 4-6, reveal that energy difference is maximum in case of complex 4 and minimum in case of complex 5. No hydrogen bonding is observed in Ni(II) complexes 4-6. Complex 5 becomes less stable due to steric effect compared to the other two square planar nickelcomplexes 4 and 6.

3.3. Reactivity Parameter

The reactivity of the proposed complexes can be predicted by evaluating the values of important properties such as electron affinity (A), electrophilicity index (ω), chemical hardness (η), ionization potential (I), electro negativity (χ), chemical potential (u).The absolute values of the HOMO and LUMO are correspondent to the ionization potential (I) and electron affinity (A), respectively.23From HOMO-LUMO energy difference, chemical hardness can be determined by the given equation (10)

Increase in the HOMO-LUMO energydifference the complex

will be harder and less reactive in nature.24 Chemical potential implies as the negative value of electronegativity25 and can be shown by the following equation (11)

Increase in the chemical potential enhances the reactivity of the complex. Similarly,electrophilicityindexofa complexcanbe evaluated from the chemical hardness, chemical potential and electronegativity from given equation (12).

Electrophilicity index signifies the stability of a species by accepting a spare electron from its chemical environment. All these calculatedvalues ofthe mentionedproperties for the complexes are listed in Table 5. The higher HOMO-LUMO energy difference of Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes signify that the complex is harder and thus less reactive. Thus, the investigation of several properties of these Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes are included in this current study to assist in understanding their drug reservoir property.

 

4. Conclusions

L-ascorbic acid exists as LH2,LH- and L2- (protonated and deprotonated) species in aqueous medium and form metal chelates with Cu(II) and Ní(Ii) as MLH^ MLH and ML2 in the pH range 2.0-12.5. These complexes have reasonably stable with a definite percentage of particular species within this pH range. No ML3 type of Cu(II) or Ni(II) complex species with L-ascorbate was found in experimental species diagram. Cu(II) complexes 1-3 exist as square pyramidal geometry, whereas Ni(II) complexes 4-6 are square planar. The stability order of Cu(II) complexes is 1 > 2 > 3, which is due to stabilization through hydrogen bonding in case of complexes 1 and 2. Steric repulsion among the bulky three ligands might be the reason of lower stability in complex 3. Unlike Cu(II) complex, stability order of Ni(II) complexes is quite different and the order is 1 > 3 > 2, due to steric repulsion between two bidentate chelating ligands and ring strain in the square planar geometry. HOMO-LUMO energy difference also confirms and supports the stability order of Cu(II) complexes 1 - 3 . In the case of Ni(II) complexes, HOMO-LUMO energy gap also reveals the proper order of stability. The reactivity parameters, which are the outcome of this work reveals significant physical properties for prediction of their biological importance.

 

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur-713209, Department of Science and Technology (DST-SERB), (Project No. EEQ/2017/000077), CSIR-HRDG (Project No. 01(2946)/18/EMR-II), DST-FIST (Project No. SR/FST/CSI-267/2015) Government of India and DHESTBT, Govt. of West Bengal (Project No. BT/ST/P/S&T/2G-44/2017 for providing the projects and financial support for carrying out this work. We are grateful to the reviewers for their valuable suggestions.

ORCID iDs

S. Mukherjee: orcid.org/0000-0002-3534-8483

W. Linert: orcid.org/0000-0002-2061-0602

S. Ch. Moi: orcid.org/0000-0002-7177-0163

 

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Received 24 May 2018
Revised 13 September 2019
Accepted 13 September 2019.

 

 

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sankarmoi67@yahoo.com

 

 

 

Supplementary Data

The supplementary data is available in pdf: [Supplementary data]

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