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South African Journal of Animal Science

versión On-line ISSN 2221-4062
versión impresa ISSN 0375-1589

S. Afr. j. anim. sci. vol.50 no.2 Pretoria  2020

http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v50i2.2 

ARTICLES

 

Impact of dried brewers' grains supplementation on performance, metabolism and meat quality of broiler chickens

 

 

W. ParpinelliI; P.S. CellaI; C. EyngII; J. BrochII; V.D.L. SavarisII; E.C. SantosII; A.S. AvilaII, #; R.V. NunesII

IFederal University of Technology, Parana, Dois Vizinhos, Brazil
IIState University of Western Parana, Marechal Candido Rondon, Brazil

 

 


ABSTRACT

The objective was to evaluate increasing levels of dried brewers' grains (DBG) in feed for broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days old and their effect on performance, blood parameters, intestinal morphometry, carcass characteristics and meat quality. The design was completely randomized with six treatments, which consisted of various levels of DBG inclusion, namely 0 (no inclusion), 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g/kg with seven replications and 17 animals per experimental unit, totalling 714 male broilers. Performance parameters, blood biochemical profile, morphology of the intestinal epithelium (duodenum), and carcass yield and composition were evaluated. Feed intake was not changed by DBG inclusion levels. Nor were weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Serum cholesterol levels were not influenced, and there were no effects on triglyceride, uric acid and creatinine levels. Enzyme aspartate aminotransferase showed a quadratic effect, as did alanine aminotransferase, with higher values at 79.5 and 63.9 g/kg DBG inclusion, respectively. No changes in carcass yield and relative organ weight were observed. The composition of the carcass in ether extract showed a quadratic effect, as fat deposition rate, with lowest values at 62.8 and 62.4 g/kg of DBG inclusion levels, respectively. Crude protein levels in carcass reduced linearly, as did fat deposition rate. The parameters of intestinal morphology and meat quality were not changed. Dried brewers' grains can be included in broiler diet from 1 to 21 days at levels up to 100 g/kg without influencing the metabolic parameters and broiler performance.

Keywords: alternative feed, blood, by-product, intestinal villi, performance


 

 

Introduction

Poultry production is an important source of animal protein, presenting strains with high productive indices, high efficiency in feed utilization and fast growth. Among the challenges are high feed costs and the availability of conventional feeds, which require a search for alternative sources with lower acquisition costs and good availability and that are not in conflict with human food (Bolu et al., 2012; Ironkwe & Bangbose, 2011).

In this context, agro-industrial by-products are highlighted and can be economically viable alternatives (Abd El-Hack et al., 2019; Swain et al., 2012). Their utilization also allows a suitable destination for residues, preventing environmental problems (Brochier & Carvalho, 2009).

The brewing industry generates a considerable amount of residue, since every 100 L of beer that is produced results in 20 kg of brewers' grains being available for use in animal nutrition (Mussato et al., 2006). This residue is of variable composition, since it may consist of a variety of grains, of which the most commonly used are barley, wheat, corn, rice and oats (Abd El-Hack et al., 2019). After the fermentation process, the remaining insoluble material contains raw fibre fractions, ether extract, crude protein, amino acids, starch, minerals and vitamins (Ashour et al., 2019; Alabi et al., 2014), predominantly protein and fibre, owing to the removal of starch in the production process (Mussato et al., 2006). Brewers' grains are obtained in wet form. However, because they deteriorate easily, they are normally dehydrated, resulting in dried brewers' grains (DBG) (Ashour et al., 2019).

This by-product contains considerable protein and metabolizable energy. It can be used to reduce the amounts of corn and soybean meal in poultry diets. However, it has limiting characteristics, such as high fibre levels, which may reduce diet digestibility (Abd El-Hack et al., 2019). Furthermore, DBG composition is variable, depending on plant maturity, processing, and the types of additive that are used by the industry (Santos et al., 2003).

The results of the use of DBG are variable. Denstaldli et al. (2010) evaluated DBG in levels up to 400 g/kg in broilers from 12 to 33 days and concluded that its inclusion reduced growth and feed utilization. However, the performance in birds fed 10% to 20% DBG was similar to that of the control diets. On the contrary, Ashour et al. (2019) used DBG at levels up to 120 g/kg in broilers from 7 to 42 days old and there were no positive effects on their growth performance.

Thus, it is necessary to perform studies with levels of inclusion of DBG that do not compromise animal performance, enabling its use in poultry feeding. The hypothesis is that at a determined level, DBG can maintain poultry performance and prove to be a viable alternative to corn and soybean meal. The objective was to evaluate the performance parameters, blood parameters, carcass yield and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens fed with increasing DBG levels from 1 to 21 days.

 

Material and Methods

This study was performed at the Poultry Education and Research Unit of the Federal University of Technology, Paraná, Campus Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil. All procedures were approved by the Ethical Committee and Animal Research under protocol number 2014-005.

A total of 714 one-day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chickens, weighing 44.7 ± 0.3 g, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six treatments, consisting of DBG levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g/kg, with seven replications and 17 broilers per experimental unit (EU). Broilers were kept in the thermal comfort zone recommended for each growth stage, with a water supply and feed ad libitum.

Brewers' grains were obtained in wet form (206.03 g/kg DM) from a brewery, then transported and distributed on a concrete floor, and exposed to the sun for three days, according to these periods of exposure (nine hours in the first day, 11 in the second, and 11 in the third day). The material was turned over every two hours and covered at night (Schone et al., 2016). At the end of drying process, DBG were collected, packed in bags and stored. The nutritional composition of the dried brewers' grains is shown in Table 1.

The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isoproteic (Table 2) according to the nutritional requirement recommendations (Rostagno et al., 2011). The performance variables that were evaluated were weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and were corrected for mortality (Sakomura & Rostagno, 2016). Dried brewers' grains were included in the experimental broiler chick diets from 1 to 21 days. From 22 to 42 days, a basal ration was provided without DBG.

At 21 days old, after six hours of fasting, blood was collected by brachial puncture (ulnar vein) from two broilers per EU. Blood was allowed to coagulate and then was centrifuged at 1050 g for 10 min to obtain the serum, which was stored at -20 °C (Nunes et al., 2018). Blood parameters that were evaluated were cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TAG), uric acid (UA), creatinine (CRE), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total protein (TP), using an auto biochemical analyser with automatic calibration (Flexor EL 200, Elitech) and commercial kits.

Evaluation of the intestinal morphometry was performed after a six-hour fast, when a broiler (± 5% average weight EU) was slaughtered by cervical dislocation. A duodenal segment was collected, then fixed in formalin 10% and transferred to 70% alcohol solution. The tissue was dehydrated with alcohol solutions (80%, 90%, 95%, and 100%). The sample received a xylol bath before inclusion in histological paraffin.

Histological sections were made with a thickness of 5 |jm, fixed in blades, and subsequently stained with haematoxylin and eosin (Beçak & Paulete, 1976). For villi height and crypt depth reading, a light-coupled photomicroscope was used, which was connected to a computer with an image analysis program (Image Tool Version 3.0). The villi to crypt ratio was also determined.

Fat deposition rate (FDR) and protein deposition rate (PDR) were determined according to Scherer et al. (2011). On the first day, 10 chicks were slaughtered, plucked, weighed and frozen. At the end of the experimental period [repeat duration here for the reader], one bird per EU was slaughtered, plucked, weighed and frozen. The carcasses were crushed, homogenized and a sample was taken for pre-drying, grinding and subsequent analysis of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract. Determinations of FDR and PDR were performed according to Fraga et al. (2008).

At 21 days, after six hours of fasting, two broilers (± 5% of the average weight per EU) were slaughtered by electronarcosis. Cut yield (breast, thigh, drumstick, and wing) was related to eviscerated carcass weight (%). The relative weight of organs (liver, heart, gizzard, intestine) and the percentage of abdominal fat were calculated and related to broilers' live weight (percentage of live weight).

The pectoral muscle (Pectoralis major) was used to evaluate meat quality at 42 days old. Cooking loss (CL) was assessed in the right portion of the pectoral muscle without skin and surface fat (Osório et al., 1998). After the sample was weighed, it was submitted to meat texture evaluation (shear force (SF)). For this, the fibres were first cut longitudinally, making five rectangles of 1.0 * 1.0 * 2.0 cm. The samples were inserted into the texturometer (Brookfield CT3 texture analyser) coupled to a probe (TA 3/100, fixture TA-SBA, calibration with 0.01 kg force; 20 mm deformation; 2.5 mm/s test speed) with fibre orientation perpendicular to the probe.

Water-holding capacity (WHC) was determined in two samples that were cut from the left portion of each breast and weighed on an analytical scale to determine the initial weight. They were then wrapped in filter paper and centrifuged for 4 min at 2000 rpm (Nakamura & Katok, 1985).

For statistical analysis, the PROC GLM of SAS® university edition (2017) statistical software (SAS Inst. Inc. Cary, NC. USA) was used. Data were submitted to polynomial regression (P <0.05). The mathematical model used was:

Where: Yij = observation,

μ= overall mean,

ti= effect of diet, and

eij= experimental random residual error.

 

Results and Discussion

Inclusion of DBG levels did not influence (P >0.05) FI, WG or FCR of broilers (Table 3), which presented average values of 1.247, 0.893 and 1.396 kg, respectively. Dried brewers' grains contain non-starch polysaccharides, which reduce the utilization of nutrients. Replacing feeds such as corn with high-fibre sources could reduce the viscosity of the digestive tract content and interfere with nutrient digestion and absorption, consequently reducing bodyweight and carcass quality (Alabi et al., 2014). However, this effect did not occur in the present study, demonstrating that these levels were adequate to maintain bird performance that was similar to those that received the treatment without DBG inclusion (0 g/kg).

Denstaldli et al. (2010) evaluated DBG inclusion levels of 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 g/kg in the diet of broilers from 12 to 33 days old and concluded that their performance approached the control treatment at 100 and 200 g/kg inclusion levels. Inclusion of more than 200 g/kg resulted in a reduction in broiler performance. Onifade and Babatunde (1998) evaluated the inclusion of three levels of DBG (100, 200, and 300 g/kg) in broiler diets and observed an increase in FI, while feed efficiency was similar to that at 100 g/kg level, but decreased at higher DBG concentrations.

Blood levels of CHOL and TAG (Table 4) were not altered (P >0.05) by DBG inclusion. These metabolites are sensitive indicators of the intensity of lipid metabolism in poultry organisms (Bogustawska-Tryk et al., 2016), so it could be inferred that lipid metabolism was not altered by the inclusion of DBG. Ashour et al. (2019) did not obtain effects of DBG inclusion on blood levels of total cholesterol and TAG at levels up to 120 g/kg.

Serum CRE was not changed (P >0.05) by DBG inclusion. Creatinine is an indicator of renal function and protein metabolism. Its concentration is related directly to muscle mass, age, physical activity and, like most of the chemical components of the blood, is influenced by diet (Piotrowska et al., 2011). Uric acid level was not changed (P >0.05), being the main product of nitrogen and purine metabolism in broilers (Rezende et al., 2017). The levels obtained in this study presented mean values of 4.34 mg/dl, which were considered within the acceptable range (under 15 mg/dl) (Schmidt et al., 2007), although variations in critical values for this parameter occur in the literature.

Enzymes AST and ALT showed a quadratic effect (P <0.05) with higher values at the levels of 79.5 g/kg and 63.9 g/kg of DBG inclusion, respectively. These enzymes are commonly used to indicate liver function status (Rocha et al., 2013). The critical limit of AST values that may be related to liver or muscle disorders is around 275 IU/L, which was not exceeded in the present study (Schmidt et al., 2007). Contrary results were obtained by Ashour et al. (2019), who achieved reductions in blood AST and CRE levels in broilers fed up to 120 g/kg of DBG and related this result to a possible antioxidant effect of DBG components. Alanine aminotransferase is found in more significant amounts in the liver and is commonly used to identify liver problems, being released into the blood after hepatocellular damage (Senanayake et al., 2015). The concentrations of serum TP had a quadratic effect (P <0.01), with higher levels at 32.0 g/kg DBG inclusion. However, it remained within the range considered physiological by Harr (2002), namely between 2.5 and 4.5 g/dl.

The variables carcass yield and proportions of breast, thigh, drumstick, and wing were unchanged (P >0.05) with DBG inclusion (Table 5), as were values for relative organ weight and abdominal fat percentage (P >0.05) (Table 6). The results for carcass yield corroborate those obtained by Kokol et al. (2012), who found no differences, even at higher levels of DBG inclusion (0, 150, 300, 450 and 600 g/kg) to replace corn in diets. The authors related this to the lower bodyweight that resulted at the inclusion levels of 60 to 120 g/kg.

Kokol et al. (2012) used DBG to replace corn in broiler diets at levels up to 600 g/kg and did not find effects in organ weight. As dietary fibre levels increased, higher gizzard development occurred, and consequently an increase in the weight of this organ (Braz et al., 2011). However, even with the highest fibre content of DBG, this response was not evidenced in this study. Denstaldli et al. (2010) obtained an increase in broiler gizzard size at levels of 300 and 400 g/kg of DBG in diets. They highlighted that structural components and fibrous materials stimulate gizzard activity and can activate the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile acid. However, at higher levels, these fibrous components caused a reduction in feed utilization.

Carcass ether extract composition and fat deposition rate (FDR) showed a quadratic effect (P <0.05), with the lowest values at 62.8 and 62.4 g/kg of DBG inclusion, respectively (Table 7). Carcass crude protein composition and PDR reduced linearly with increasing levels of DBG. One factor that can influence fat deposition is the balance of amino acids, since excess protein or its low digestibility can lead to an increase in FDR. Thus, the objective was to meet the requirements in amino acids, seeking maximum protein deposition and lower fat deposition (Trindade Neto et al., 2009). Bolu et al. (2012) found no difference in the protein retention rate in broilers fed up to 100 g/kg dry distillers' grains to replace corn in diets. However, with levels of 300 and 400 g/kg, there were reductions in protein retention and fat retention rates.

Villi height, crypt depth, and villi/crypt ratio (Table 8) were unchanged (P >0.05), presenting mean values of 1192 μm, 224 μm and 5.35 μm, respectively. The maintenance of villus size, digestive capacity and absorption by the intestinal epithelium depends on the processes of cell renewal, performed by stem cells in the crypt and along the villi, and also on cell loss (extrusion), which usually occurs at the villus apex. If a higher rate of intestinal extrusion or a reduction in the proliferation rate occurs, the intestine responds with a reduction in villus height and a consequent decrease in the capacity to digest and absorb (Pelicano et al., 2003; Pluske et al., 1997). In the present study the authors observed the appearance of bifurcations in this region of intestinal tissue, which for Aleixo et al. (2011) is associated with the region's inefficiency in capturing nutrients, compensating the action of anti-nutritional factors, where the intestine epithelium forms bifurcations to increase the contact and absorption surface.

Higher values for crypt depth indicate greater cell proliferative activity to ensure an adequate rate of epithelial renewal, compensating losses in villi heights (Pluske et al., 1997). However, this effect did not occur in the present study, demonstrating that these levels of DBG did not have mayor effects on duodenal epithelium morphology. The villi to crypt ratio is a useful criterion for estimating the digestive capacity of the small intestine. However, the effects of dietary fibre on epithelial morphology and cellular turnover in the gastrointestinal tract have not been studied in detail, with conflicting results between authors. Furthermore, factors such as type and level of fibre, broiler age, and the composition of the basal diet may influence the intestinal mucosa response (Mateos et al., 2012).

There was no effect (P >0.05) on cooking loss (Table 9). This result differs from those obtained in the study by Ashour et al. (2019), in which lower values of CL occurred with the use of DBG in the broilers' diet compared with the control treatment, which affected the sensory properties of the meat.

Water-holding capacity was not influenced (P >0.05) by DBG levels in the diets. Neither was the shear force. The results indicated extremely soft meat (Ramos & Gomide, 2007) with values below 3.62 kgf. Values between 6.62 and 9.60 are classified as slightly soft to slightly hard, and values above 12.60 kgf are rated as extremely hard.

 

Conclusion

Inclusion of dried brewers' grains at up to 100 g/kg in broiler feed from 1 to 21 days old appears not to impair performance, blood parameters, carcass yield, body composition and meat quality. Future studies are necessary with diets which include dried brewers' grains at higher levels, and in combination with other ingredients for growing and finishing of broiler chickens.

Authors' Contributions

RVN and PSC designed the study and were the supervisors. WP worked on the project, laboratory analysis and received his MSc. CE, JB, VDLS, ECS and ASA participated in management and discussion of the results, statistical analysis and writing, and corrected the manuscript.

Conflict of Interest Declaration

The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.

 

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Received 23 October 2019
Accepted 6 December 2019
First published online 10 April 2020

 

 

# Corresponding author: sanches989@hotmail.com

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