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South African Journal of Surgery

versión On-line ISSN 2078-5151
versión impresa ISSN 0038-2361

S. Afr. j. surg. vol.59 no.2 Cape Town jun. 2021

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-5151/2021/v59n2a3222 

SHORT REPORT

 

Risk factors for recurrence after pilonidal sinus surgery in children and adolescents

 

 

H MadenciI; M UysalII

IDepartment ofPaediatric Surgery, Konya Health Application and Research Center, University of Health Sciences, Turkey
IIDepartment of Paediatric Surgery, Karaman State Hospital, Turkey

Correspondence

 

 


ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Acquired pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) is a condition involving hair bundles most commonly located in the midline of the sacrococcygeal region. The aim of this study is to investigate the risk factors for recurrence after the surgical treatment of PSD in children and adolescents
METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted with patients who underwent surgery for PDS at the Paediatric Surgery Clinic of Karaman State Hospital between July 2010 and December 2018. Age, gender, weight, and height of the patients were recorded. Whether or not there was a recurrence after the surgery as well as the factors affecting recurrence in the cases with recurrence were examined
RESULTS: A total of 86 PSD patients were included in the study. Of these, 36 (41.9%) were girls and 50 (58.1%) were boys. The mean follow-up period was 15.1 ± 8.4 months. Their mean age was 15.16 ± 1.29 years. Postoperative recurrence developed in 14 patients (16.3%). Postoperative recurrence was significantly higher in those who were overweight than in those of normal weight (p < 0.001) and in females when compared to males (p = 0.014). Gender and BMI were interrelated as risk factors. The effect of female gender on the likelihood of recurrence was threefold that of BMI
CONCLUSION: It was observed in this study that female gender and a high BMI significantly increased the risk of PSD recurrence after surgery

Keywords: paediatric pilonidal sinus, postoperative recurrence, gender, BMI


 

 

Introduction

Acquired pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) is a chronic condition involving hair bundles most commonly located in the midline of the sacrococcygeal region characterised by recurrent attacks of acute and subacute infections and the presence of one or more sinus orifices.1 PSD affects approximately 1% of adolescents and young adults aged between 15-30 years.2 Although PSD is rarely fatal, it causes significant morbidity due to recurrent septic episodes and chronic sinus discharge.3,4 One of the first studies investigating that the disease may be acquired is the study conducted by Boie et al. in 1952 with drivers.5 In this study, the researchers reported that jeep and truck drivers were more likely to get PSD. They reported that repeated trauma to the sacrococcygeal region of drivers was a major factor in the aetiology. The effect of PSD and chronic irritation were discussed and several studies were conducted to reveal the association with obesity. The study conducted by Çubukçu et al., with adult patients, reported that the BMI of patients with PSD was significantly higher than those without PSD.6 The development of PSD in obese people is purported to be caused by the deeper and more humid area of the intergluteal groove softening the skin to allow hair penetration in an environment that is rich in bacteria.7,8 Despite significant failure rates, surgical procedures are the only potentially curative treatment for PSD. Several factors that affect recurrence have been reported but their association is highly variable.9,10 Determination of postoperative risks factors preoperatively has the potential to optimise them and reduce the risk of recurrence.11,12

The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for recurrence after the surgical treatment of PSD in children and adolescents.

 

Methods

This study was a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing surgery for PSD at the Paediatric Surgery Clinic of Karaman State Hospital between July 2010 and December 2018. The patients were operated by the same surgeon and their information was obtained from the hospital information management system (HIMS) and hospital files. Age, sex, height, weight, presence of recurrence, surgical method and body mass index (BMI) were analysed.

 

Analysis

Descriptive statistics of categorical data in the study were shown using frequency and percentage values. Descriptive statistics of numerical data were shown using mean and standard deviation. In the study, Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare numerical data among independent groups, and chi-square test was used to compare categorical data. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis of risk factors. Odds ratios and confidence interval of 95% were presented.

 

Results

The mean age of 86 PSD patients was 15.1 ± 1.29 years. No significant difference was determined between male and female participants. Thirty-six (41.9%) participants were female and 50 (58.1%) were male. While 79 (91.9%) patients underwent primary closure, seven (8.1%) underwent flap surgery. The mean follow-up period was 15.1 (± 8.4) months. While no postoperative recurrence developed in 72 (83.7%) of the patients participating in the study, recurrence developed in 14 (16.3%). Of the 68 (86.1%) patients receiving primary closure treatment, 11 (13.9%) developed recurrence. Table I shows the relationship of gender and BMI to recurrence.

Female gender and increasing BMI were significant and interdependent risk factors for the development of recurrence. Table II shows the analysis of effect and the odds ratio estimates with female gender having a three-fold greater ratio than BMI.

 

Discussion

A limited number of studies have investigated the causes of recurrence after PS operations in paediatric age range. In the study conducted by Arda et al., with 14 adolescents, they reported that obesity might affect both the development of PSD and postoperative recurrence.7 The study conducted by Sakr et al. with 41 PSD patients reported that the development of complications was significantly higher in the group with high BMI than the group with normal BMI.13 At the end of their study, no recurrence was reported in obese and non-obese groups. In the present study, BMIs of the patients with recurrence were significant. Only a few studies, largely adult, have reported on the occurrence of PSD and the frequency of recurrence in the patient group below 18 years of age. Okus. et al. reported that PSD was much more common in males (male to female ratio 19/1) in their adult cohort, although they did not comment on gender as a risk factor for recurrence.14 In contrast, Yildiz et al. reported that PSD was more prevalent among young girls.15 Çaglayan et al. is the only study that reported that female gender had an effect on the development of complications and recurrence in patients operated due to PSD.16 In the present study, the number of males with PSD was higher than the number of girls, but recurrence was significantly higher in girls than boys. This may be associated with the fact that the BMI of females was significantly higher than the BMI of males in the present study. This is the first study to demonstrate that these two risk factors are interdependent and that gender is three times more likely to predict recurrence than a BMI > 25.

 

Conclusion

In this study, recurrence was observed in female patients with high BMI. Reducing the BMI of patients, particularly females, suffering from PSD through appropriate diet and exercise programmes before surgery may decrease the recurrence. Comprehensive studies are needed to reveal the broader risk factors affecting recurrence after PSD surgery.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding source

None.

Ethical approval

In our country (Turkey), an ethics committee decision is not required for retrospective studies. Legislation related to this subject in our country is found in Turkey Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency Regulation Clinical Research.

Ethical approval was obtained from Health Sciences Ethics Committee with decision dated 27.11.2020/25.

ORCID

H Madenci https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7243-5340

M Uysal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1561-6601

 

REFERENCES

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Correspondence:
H Madenci
Email: hasanmadenci@gmail.com

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