SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.75 número3 índice de autoresíndice de assuntospesquisa de artigos
Home Pagelista alfabética de periódicos  

Serviços Personalizados

Artigo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • Em processo de indexaçãoCitado por Google
  • Em processo de indexaçãoSimilares em Google

Compartilhar


Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research

versão On-line ISSN 2219-0635
versão impressa ISSN 0030-2465

Onderstepoort j. vet. res. vol.75 no.3 Pretoria  2008

 

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

 

Detection of Anaplasma antibodies in wildlife and domestic species in wildlife-livestock interface areas of Kenya by major surface protein 5 competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

 

 

J.J.N. NgeranwaI, II; S.P. ShompoleI; E.H. VenterII; A. WambuguI; J.E. CraffordII; B.L. PenzhornII

IKenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 29231, Nairobi, Kenya
IIDepartment of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onder-stepoort, 0110 South Africa

Correspondence

 

 


ABSTRACT

The seroprevalence of Anaplasma antibodies in wildlife (eland, blue wildebeest, kongoni, impala, Thomson's gazelle, Grant's gazelle, giraffe and plains zebra) and domestic animal (cattle, sheep and goat) populations was studied in wildlife/livestock interface areas of Kenya. Serum samples were analyzed by competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA), using a recombinant antigen (MSP-5) from Anaplasma marginale surface membrane. A monoclonal antibody, FC-16, was used as the primary antibody, while anti-mouse conjugated to horseradish peroxidase was used as the secondary antibody. The results indicate a high seroprevalence in both wildlife and livestock populations, in contrast to earlier reports from Kenya, which indicated a low seroprevalence. The differences are attributed to the accurate analytical method used (CI-ELISA), as compared with agglutination techniques, clinical signs and microscopy employed by the earlier workers.

Keywords: Anaplasma, CI-ELISA, Kenya, seroprevalence, wildlife-livestock interface


 

 

“Full text available only in PDF format”

 

 

REFERENCES

AUGUSTYN, N.J. & BIGALKE, R.D. 1974. Anaplasma infection in giraffe. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 45:229.         [ Links ]

BRION, A. 1943. A new equine disease: Anaplasmosis and its causal parasite, Anaplasma equi. Comptes Rendues de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, 217:709-710.         [ Links ]

BROCKLESBY, D.W. & VIDLER, B.O. 1965. Some parasites of East African wild animals. East African Wildlife Journal, 3: 120-122.         [ Links ]

BROCKLESBY, D.W. & VIDLER, B.O. 1966. Haematozoa found in wild members of the order Artiodactyla in east Africa. Bulletin of Epizootic Diseases in Africa, 14:285-299.         [ Links ]

BURRIDGE, M.J. 1975. The role of wild animals in the epidemiology of bovine theileriosis in East Africa. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 11:68-74.         [ Links ]

CHRISTENSEN, J.F., OSEBOLD, J.W. & DOUGLAS, J.R. 1962. Bovine anaplasmosis in the Coast Range area of California. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 141:952-957.         [ Links ]

CHRISTENSEN, J.F., OSEBOLD, J.W. & ROSEN, M. 1958. Infection and antibody response in deer experimentally infected with Anaplasma marginale from bovine carriers. Journal ofthe American Veterinary Medical Association, 132:289-292.         [ Links ]

DE ECHAIDE, S.T., KNOWLES, D.P., McGUIRE, T.C., PALMER, G.H., SUAREZ, C.E. & McELWAIN, T.F. 1988. Detection of cattle naturally infected with Anaplasma marginale in a region of endemicity by nested PCR and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant major surface protein 5. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 36:777-782.         [ Links ]

DIPEOLU, O.O., AKINBOADE, O.A. & ADETUNJI, A. 1981. Transmission of Anaplasma marginale from a naturally-infected wild African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus, Water-house) to a calf in Nigeria. Veterinary Parasitology, 8:337-339.         [ Links ]

DREHER, U.M., DE LA FUENTE, J., HOFFMANN-LEHMANN, R., MELI, A.L., PUSTERIA, N., KOCAN, K.A., WOLDEHIWET, Z., RAUN, U., REGULA, G., STÄRK, K.D.C. & LUTZ, H. 2005. Serologic cross-reactivity between Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 12:1177-1183.         [ Links ]

DUGAN, V.G., YABSLEY, M.J., TATE, C.M., MEAD, D.G., MUNDERLOH, U.G., HERRON, M.J., STALLKNECHT, D.E., LITTLE, S.E. & DAVIDSON, W.R. 2006. Evaluation of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as natural sentinels for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 6:192-207.         [ Links ]

DUMLER, J.S., BARBET, A.F., BEKKER, C.P.J., DASCH, G.A., PALMER, G.H., RAY, S.C., RIKIHISA, Y. & RURANGIRA, F.R. 2001. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmatacese in the order Ricekttsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and 'HE agent' as subjective synonymns of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 51:2145-2165.         [ Links ]

EBEDES, H. & REYERS, F. 1984. Anaplasmosis in two captive addax. Proceedings of an International Conference, Wildlife Disease Association, 4:121-124.         [ Links ]

ENIGK, K. 1942. Die Empfänglichkeit der Elenantilope für Anaplasma ovis und Eperythrozoon ovis. Deutsche Tropenmedizinische Zeitschrift, 46:48-52.         [ Links ]

GONZALEZ, E.F., LONG, R.F. & TODOROVIC, R.A. 1978. Comparisons of the complement-fixation, indirect antibody and card agglutination tests for the diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 39: 1538-1541.         [ Links ]

GROBLER, J.H. 1981. Parasites and mortality of sable antelope Hippotragus niger niger (Harris, 1838) in the Matopos, Zimbabwe. Koedoe, 24:119-123.         [ Links ]

HENNING, M.W. 1956. Animal diseases in South Africa, 3rd ed. South Africa: Central News Agency, Ltd.         [ Links ].

HOFFMAN-LEHMAN, R., MELI, M.L., DREHER, U.M., GÖNCZI, E., DEPLAZES, P., BRAUN, U., ENGELS, M., SCHUPBACH, J., JÖRGER, K., THOMA, R., GRIOT, C., STÄRK, K.D.C., WILLI, B., SCHMIDT, J., KOCAN, K.M. & LUTZ, H. 2004. Concurrent infections with vector-borne pathogens associated with fatal hemolytic anemia in a cattle herd in Switzerland. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42:3775-3780.         [ Links ]

HOWE, D.L., HEPWORTH, W.G., BLUNT, F.M. & THOMAS, G.M. 1964. Anaplasmosis in big game animals: Experimental infection and evaluation of serologic tests. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 25:1271-1275.         [ Links ]

JESSUP, D.A., GOFF, W.L., STILLER, D., OLIVER, M.N., BLEICH, V.C. & BOYCE, W.M. 1993. A retrospective serologic survey for Anaplasma spp. infection in bighorn (Ovis canadensis) populations in California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 29:547-554.         [ Links ]

KARESH, W.B., ROTHSTEIN, A., GREEN, W., REUTER, H.O., BRASELTON, W.E., TORRES, A. & COOK, R.A. 1997. Health evaluation of black-faced impala (Aepyceros melampus petersi) using blood chemistry and serology. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 28:361-367.         [ Links ]

KIMBER, K.V., LUBROTH, J., DUBOVI, E.J., BERNINGER, M.L. & DEMAAR, T.W. 2002. Serologic survey of selected viral, bacterial, and protozoal agents in captive and free-ranging ungulates from Central Kenya. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 969:217-223.         [ Links ]

KIMBERLING, C.V. 1988. Disease of the blood and blood forming system, in Diseases of sheep, 3rd ed., edited by R. Jensen & B.L. Swift. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.         [ Links ]

KNOWLES, D.P., DE ECHAIDE, S.T., PALMER, G. McGUIRE, T., STILLER, D. & McELWAIN, T. 1996. Antibody against an Anaplasma marginale MSP5 epitope common to tick and erythrocyte stages identifies persistently infected cattle. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 34:2225-2230.         [ Links ]

KUTTLER, K.L. 1965. Serological survey of anaplasmosis incidence in East Africa, using the complement-fixation test. Bulletin of Epizootiological Diseases in Africa, 13:257-262.         [ Links ]

KUTTLER, K.L. 1984. Anaplasma infections in wild and domestic ruminants: A review. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 20:12-20.         [ Links ]

LESTOQUARD, F. 1924. Deuxieme note sur les piroplasmoses du mouton en Algérie. L'Anaplasmose: Anaplasma ovis nov. sp. Bulletin de la Société Pathologique Exotique, 17:784-787.         [ Links ]

LÖHR, K.F. & MEYER, H. 1973. Game anaplasmosis: The isolation of Anaplasma organisms from antelope. Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, 24:192-197.         [ Links ]

LÖHR, K.F., ROSS, J.P.J. & MEYER, H. 1974. Detection in game of fluorescent and agglutination antibodies in intra-erythrocytic organisms. Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, 25:217-226.         [ Links ]

MADIGAN, J.E., RICHTER, P.J., KIMSEY, R.B., BARLOUGH, J.E. & BAKKEN, J.S. 1995. Transmission and passage in horses of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 172:1141-1144.         [ Links ]

MOLLOY, J.B., BOWLES, P.M., KNOWLES, D.P., McELWAIN, T.F., BOCK, R.E., KINGSTON, T.G., BLIGHT, G.W. & DALGLEISH, R.J. 1999. Comparison of a competitive inhibition ELISA and the card agglutination test for the detection of antibodies to Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale in cattle. Australian Veterinary Journal, 77:245-249.         [ Links ]

MULEI, C.M. & REGE, J.E.O. 1989. An examination of the incidence of East Coast fever (ECF), anaplasmosis and babe-siosis in the bovine in Kabete area of Kiambu District in Kenya. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 37:213-216.         [ Links ]

NDUNG'U, L.W., AGUIRRE, C., RURANGIRWA, F.R., MCEL-WAIN, T.F., MCGUIRE, T.C., KNOWLES, D.P. & PALMER, G.H. 1995. Detection of Anaplasma ovis infection in goats by major surface protein 5 competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 33: 675-679.         [ Links ]

NEITZ, W.O. 1935. Bovine anaplasmosis: The transmission of Anaplasma marginale to a black wildebeest (Connochaetes gnou). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, 5:9-11.         [ Links ]

NEITZ, W.O. 1939. Bovine anaplasmosis: The transmission of Anaplasma ovis and Eperythrozoon ovis to the blesbuck (Damaliscus albifrons). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, 13:9-16.         [ Links ]

NEITZ, W.O. & DU TOIT, P.J. 1932. Bovine anaplasmosis: A method of obtaining pure strains of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale by transmission through antelope. Report of the Director of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry, Union of South Africa, 18:3-20.         [ Links ]

NGERANWA, J.J.N., VENTER, E.H., PENZHORN, B.L., SOI, R.K., MWANZIA, J. & NYONGESA (sic). 1998. Characterization of Anaplasma isolates from eland (Taurotragus oryx): Pathogenicity in cattle and sheep and DNA profiles analysis. Veterinary Parasitology, 74:109-122.         [ Links ]

PEIRCE, M.A. 1972. Observations on endoparasites of some East African vertebrates. East African Wildlife Journal, 10: 231-235.         [ Links ]

POTGIETER, F.T. 1979. Epizootiology and control of anaplasmosis in South Africa. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 50:367-372.         [ Links ]

POTGIETER, F.T. & STOLTSZ, W.H. 2004. Bovine anaplasmosis, in Infectious diseases of livestock, 2nd ed., edited by J.A.W. Coetzer & R.C. Tustin. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.         [ Links ]

REYNA-BELLO, A., CLOECKART, A., VIZCAINO, N., GONZATTI, M.A., ASO, P.M., DUBRAY, G. & ZYGMUNT, M.S. 1998. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant major surface protein 5 for serological diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis in Venezuela. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 5:259-262.         [ Links ]

RISTIC, M. 1962. A capillary tube-agglutination test for anaplasmosis-A preliminary report. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 141:588-594.         [ Links ]

SHOMPOLE, S., WAGHELA, S.D., RURANGIRWA, F.R. & McGUIRE, T.C. 1989. Cloned DNA probes identify Anaplasma ovis in goats and reveal a high prevalence of infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 27:2730-2735.         [ Links ]

SMITH, K., BROCKLESBY, D.W., BLAND, P., PURNELL, R.E., BROWN, C.G.D. & PAYNE, R.C. 1974. The fine structure of intra-erythrocytic stages of Theileria gorgonis and a strain of Anaplasma marginale isolated from wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, 25:293-300.         [ Links ]

SOULSBY, E.J.L. 1982. Helminths, arthropods and protozoa of domesticated animals, 7th ed. London: Baillière Tindall.         [ Links ]

SPLITTER, E.J., ANTONY, H.D. & TWIEHAUSE, M.J. 1956. Anaplasma ovis in the United States: Experimental studies with sheep and goats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 17:487-491.         [ Links ]

STIRK, N.I., ALLEMAN, A.R., BARBET, A.F., SORENSON, H.L., WAMSLEY, H.L., GASCHEN, F.P., LUCKSCHANDER, N., WONG, S., CHU, F., FOLEY, J.E., BJOERSDORFF, A., STUEN, S. & KNOWLES, D.P. 2007. Characterisation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum major surface protein 5 and the extent of its cross-reactivity with A. marginale. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 14:262-268.         [ Links ]

STOLTSZ, W.H. 2004. Ovine and caprine anaplasmosis, in Infectious diseases of livestock, 2nd ed., edited by J.A.W. Coetzer & R.C. Tustin. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.         [ Links ]

THEILER, A. 1910. Anaplasma marginale (gen. and spec. nova). The marginal points in the blood of cattle suffering from a specific disease. Report of the Government Veterinary Bacteriologist of the Transvaal, 1908-1909.         [ Links ]

THEILER, A. 1911. Further investigations into anaplasmosis of South African cattle. First Report of the Director of Veterinary Research, Union of South Africa.         [ Links ]

THOMAS, S.E., WILSON, D.E. & MASON, T.E. 1982. Babesia, Theileria and Anaplasma spp. infecting sable antelope, Hippotragus niger (Harris, 1838), in Southern Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 49:163-166.         [ Links ]

VISSER, E.S., McGUIRE, T.C., PALMER, G.H., DAVIS, W.C., SHKAP, V., PIPANO, E. & KNOWLES, J.R. 1992. The Ana-plasma marginale msp5 gene encodes a 19-kilodalton protein conserved in all recognised Anaplasma species. Infection and Immunity, 60:5139-5144.         [ Links ]

 

 

Correspondence:
Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology
Kenyatta University
P.O. Box 43844
Nairobi, Kenya

Accepted for publication 24 April 2008-Editor

 

 

* Author to whom correspondence is to be directed. E-mail: banie.penzhorn@up.ac.za

Creative Commons License Todo o conteúdo deste periódico, exceto onde está identificado, está licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons