"Imperialism, settler identities and colonial capitalism: The hundred year origins of the 1899 South African War"

Stanley Trapido, Ian Phimister

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1. S. Newton King, "The Labour Market of the Cape Colony, 1807-1828', in S. Marks & A. Atmore (eds), Economy and Society in Pre-Industrial South Africa (Longman, London & New York, 1980).         [ Links ]
2. S. Trapido, "Land, Office and Wealth in the South African Republic", in Marks & Atmore, Economy and Society, p 358.
3. R. Turrell, "Kimberley: Labour and Compounds, 1871-1888", in S. Marks and R. Rathbone, Industrialisation and Social Change in South Africa (Longman, New York, 1982), pp 45-76.
4. C.W. de Kiewiet, The Imperial Factor in South Africa a Study in Politics and Economics (Cass, London, 1965), pp 94-95.
5. Natal Mercury, 24 October 1866, cited in C.W. de Kiewiet, British Colonial Policy and the South African Republics, 1848-1872 (Longmans, Green, New York, 1929), p 258.
6. British Blue Book 4140, pp 123-127.
7. De Kiewiet, British Colonial Policy, p 161.
8. R.E. Robinson and J. Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians the Official Mind of Imperialism (William Blackwood & Sons, London, 1961), pp 61-62.
9. R.L. Cope, "Strategic and Socio-economic explanations for Carnarvon's South African Confederation Policy", History in Africa, 13, 1986, pp 13-34; N.A. Etherington, "Labour Supply and the Genesis of South African Confederation in the 1870s", Journal of African History, 20, 1979, pp 235-253.
10. C.F. Goodfellow, Great Britain and South African Federation, 1870-1881 (Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1966), p 70.
11. Cope, Carnarvon's South African Confederation Policy, p 11.
12. De Kiewiet, The Imperial Factor, p 113.
13. De Kiewiet, The Imperial Factor, pp 241-242.
14. De Kiewiet, The Imperial Factor, p 274.
15. Robinson & Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians, p 72.
16. S. Heckford, A Lady Trader in the Transvaal (Sampson Low, London, 1882), p 398.
17. D.M. Schreuder, Gladstone and Kruger Liberal Government and Colonial "Home Rule", 1880-1885 (Routledge & Paul, London, 1969), p 199.
18. These Barberton-British were not, in any event, the first British republicans of the middle years of Victoria's reign. It should be noted that the South African expression of the British political movement had far more to do with colonial hostility to Imperial rule than to a rejection of a hereditary monarchy. There would, however, have been a rejection of the class hierarchy with which it was associated.
19. C.T. Gordon, The Growth of Boer Opposition to Kruger 1890-1895 (Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1970), p 36.
20. I.R. Smith, The Origins of the South African War 1899-1902 (Longman, London & New York, 1996), p 53.
21. L. Phillips, All That Glittered selected correspondence of Lionel Phillips, 1890-1924 (Oxford University Press, Cape Town & New York, 1977), pp 83-85; L. Phillips, Some Reminiscences (Hutchinson, London, 1924), pp 68, 136-139; P. Fitzpatrick, The Transvaal from within a private record of public affairs (Heinemann, London, 1900).
22. Number 49, Phillips - Beit, LA 670, Johannesburg, 16 June 1894, page 78.
23. J.S. Marais, The Fall of Kruger's Republic (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1961), pp 23-27; H.J. and R.E. Simons, Class and Colour in South Africa, 1850-1950 (International Defence & Aid Fund, London, 1983), p 59; C. van Onselen, Studies in the Social Economic History of the Witwatersrand New Babylon, (Ravan, Johannesburg, 1982), pp 12-17.
24. Robinson & Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians, pp 221-250.
25. F.W. Reitz, n Eeu van Onreg (Nasionale Pers, Kaapstad, 1939), was probably written by J.C. Smuts and J. de V. Roos. Smith, Origins of the South African War, p 427.
26. Marais, The Fall of Kruger's Republic; A. Porter, The Origins of the South African War Joseph Chamberlain and the Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1895-1899 (Manchester University Press, London, 1980); Smith, Origins of the South African War, pp 393-428; A.A. Mawby, Gold Mining and Politics, Johannesburg, 1900-1907 the Origins of the Old South Africa? (Edwin Mellen, Lewiston NY, 2000).
27. In this regard, Mawby is particularly critical of Marks and Trapido: "Lord Milner and the South African State", in M. Twaddle (ed), Imperialism, the State and the Third World (British Academic Press, London, 1992).
28. De Kiewiet, The Imperial Factor; E. Hobsbawm, Age of Empire (Weidenfeld & Nicholson, London, 1987), p 66.
29. Smith, Origins of the South African War, p 408; Mawby, Gold Mining and Politics, pp 3-8.
30. For example: Smith, Origins of the South African War, pp 408-409.
31. Fitzpatrick, The Transvaal from within, pp 75, 115, 213-228.
32. Van Onselen, New Babylon, pp 12-17.
33. Harcourt - Henry Hucks Gibbs, pp 72-73.
34. Fitzpatrick, The Transvaal from within, p 97.
35. A. Porter, "Lord Salisbury, Mr. Chamberlain And South Africa, 1895-1899", p 5.
36. Robinson & Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians, p 432.
37. I. Phimister, "Empire, Imperialism and the Partition of Africa", in S. Akita (ed), Gentlemanly Capitalism, Imperialism and Global History (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2002), pp 75-76.
38. G.D. Boyce (ed), The Crisis of British Power the imperial and naval papers of the second Earl of Selborne, 1895-1910 (Historians' Press, London, 1990), pp vii, 438 -hereafter: Selborne Papers, draft memorandum by Lord Selborne, January [1896].
39. Selborne Papers, draft memorandum by Lord Selborne, January [1896].
40. Selborne Papers, Selborne - Marquis of Salisbury, 30 March 1896.
41. Robinson & Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians, pp 410-461.
42. E. Drus, "Select Documents from the Chamberlain Papers Concerning Anglo-Transvaal Relations, 1896-1899", BIHR, 27, 1954, p 164.
43. Drus, "Select Documents", p 165 (Chamberlain - L. Phillips, 1 January 1897).
44. Transvaal Archive Depot, Pretoria: BA 18, 175, BA - HC, 24 March 1898; Bodleian Milner papers: MS Milner dep 17, Milner - B. Synge, Morija, Basutoland, 20 April 1898; C. Headlam, The Milner Papers (Cassell, Toronto, Melbourne & Sydney, 1933), pp 227-229.
45. NELM: JPF - Beit, 4 March 1898.
46. MS Milner dep 17, Milner - B. Synge, Morija, Basutoland, 20 April 1898.
47. NELM: JPF - J. Wernher, 1 May 1897.
48. J.A. Hobson, The War in South Africa. Its Causes and Effects (Nisbet, London, 1900), p 240.
49. CO 417/259, Minute by Selborne & Chamberlain, 8 & 9 March 1899; Marais, The Fall of Kruger's Republic, pp 251-252.
50. MS Milner dep 208, P81, pp 408-409, Her Majesty's Agent Pretoria - High Commissioner, summary of letter from Vice Consul, Johannesburg, 19 April 1899.
51. D. Judd and K. Surridge, The Boer War (John Murray, London, 2002), p 50.