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South African Dental Journal

On-line version ISSN 0375-1562
Print version ISSN 0011-8516

S. Afr. dent. j. vol.74 n.10 Johannesburg Nov. 2019

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2519-0105/2019/v74no10a8 

CASE REPORT

 

Endodontic treatment of a maxillary second premolar with three roots and three root canals - A case report

 

 

V BookhanI; GD BuchananII; ZI VallyIII

IBDS, M Dent (Prosthodontics), Department of Odontology, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa. ORCID Number: 0000-0002-4235-3897
IIPG Dip Dent (Endodontics), MSc (Dentistry), Department of Odontology, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa. ORCID Number: 0000-0003-2957-166X
IIIBDS, MDent (Prosthodontics), Department of Odontology, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa. ORCID Number: 0000-0001-7279-7547

Correspondence

 

 


SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION: There are currently no documented publications on an endodontic procedure performed on a maxillary second premolar with three roots and three root canals within a South African population.
This is a rare root canal configuration (0.3%-2%), which, according to the endodontic literature, can be related to factors such as ethnicity, racial groups, and gender. Familiarity with root canal configurations within various ethnicities and racial groups is important in understanding the nature of the root canal system for successful endodontic procedures.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this case report is to describe endodontics performed on a maxillary second premolar with three roots and three root canals, the patient being a South African female patient of African ethnicity. In addition, consideration is given to a suitable restorative option for the endodontically treated tooth.
The endodontic procedure is described in detail to inform dental practitioners. The diagnosis, location, instrumentation, and obturation of all the canals were successful. The location of the three canals required a large access cavity design that reduced the strength and support of the mineralized tissues. Therefore in this study, the preferred restoration for a maxillary second premolar with three roots and three root canals is a ceramic post crown.

Keywords: Maxillary second premolar, three root canals, endodontic procedure, ceramic post crown


 

 

INTRODUCTION

Maxillary second premolars have a variety of root canal configurations.1,2 The most common configuration is one canal (60%) followed by two canals (40%).1 The maxillary second premolar with three root canals is rare (0.3%-2%).1-3,5,6 These configurations, according to the endodontic literature, can be related to factors such as ethnicity, racial groups, and gender.1-3,5-13

It is very important to be familiar with root canal configurations which may be characteristic of various ethnic and racial groups because oral health practitioners who understand the nature of the complex root canal system can better locate and negotiate root canals and manage endodontic procedures successfully.4-6

The endodontic literature indicates that many countries have published articles on maxillary premolars within their population.1,4,14-20

Oral health practitioners are therefore able to familiarize themselves with the various root canal configurations that they may encounter when performing an endodon-tic procedure within their populations.

No documented publications have been found on endo-dontic procedures performed on maxillary second pre-molars with three roots and three root canals within a South African population.

Restoration of the endodontically treated tooth remains a challenge.21,22 A successful endodontic procedure requires a final restoration to restore the form, function, and aesthetics of the tooth and to improve the long term prognosis23 An endodontically treated maxillary second premolar is susceptible to fracture because of cusp de-flection.24 It is therefore essential that oral health practitioners choose a suitable restorative option for this tooth to improve the long term prognosis.

The aim of this case report is to describe an endodontic procedure performed on a maxillary second premolar with three roots and three root canals, in a South African female patient of African ethnicity. In addition, the report will consider a suitable restorative option for this tooth after completion of the endodontic procedure.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A South African female patient of African ethnicity was referred to the Division of Endodontics at the School of Dentistry for the completion of a root canal treatment on a maxillary second premolar with three roots and three root canals. An emergency root canal treatment had been previously performed in 2016.

The tooth was asymptomatic at the initial consultation and had a temporary zinc-oxide eugenol restoration in place. Informed consent was obtained from the patient. A local anesthetic using 2 % Lignocaine (Xylotox E80, Adcock Ingram, South Africa), was administered with 1:80 000 adrenaline content, using the infiltration technique both buccally and palatally.

The tooth was isolated with a nitrile rubber dam (Henry Schein, Gillingham, UK) and the entire procedure completed under a dental operating microscope (Global Surgical Corporation, St. Louis, MO). The temporary restoration was removed using a diamond-coated cylinder bur (Edenta, Hauptstrasse 7, Switzerland) in a fast handpiece.

The residual Ledermix paste (Lederle Pharmaceuticals, Wolfsratshausen, Germany) was rinsed out of the canals using a 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl, Jik, Reckitt Benckiser, South Africa).

The large oval access cavity design was completed using an Endo Z bur (Dentsply, Maillefer, Switzerland) to outline the walls and cavity floor of the pulp chamber.

Three distinct canal orifices were identified. The pre-operative diagnostic radiograph demonstrated a palatal canal (P), mesiobuccal (MB) canal and disto-buccal (DB) canal (Figure 1).

 

 

The following instrumentation procedures were performed:

Working length determination using periapical radiographs and electronic apex locator (Propex Pixi, Dent-sply Maillefer). The length of each canal was established and recorded on the patient's file (Figure 2). The canals were scouted and coronal flaring completed using a #10 K-file.

The glide path was prepared in all canals using a Proglider glide path file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland).

The mesiobuccal and distobuccal canals were prepared using WaveOne Gold Primary reciprocating files (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland).

The palatal canal was initially prepared with a WaveOne Gold primary file and then further enlarged with a ProTaper Gold F3 and F4 file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland).

Irrigation of the canals was performed using a 3,5% NaOCl solution (Jik, South Africa) and a penultimate rinse of 17% EDTA liquid (Top clear EDTA) was used to remove the smear layer.

Obturation (Figure 3) was completed using matching taper gutta-percha cones and BioRoot RCB Bio-ceramic sealer (Septodont, Saint Maur Des Fosses, France).

The single cone technique was used in the MB and DB canals and the conventional cold lateral condensation technique in the P canal. The excess sealer was removed using ultrasonics and water.

The orifices were sealed with a resin-modified glass ionomer (Vitrebond, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN) and a final bonded composite restoration (Filtek Supreme XTE, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, Figure 4).

The entire procedure was completed in a single session.

The patient was referred to the restorative clinic for a ceramic crown supported by a fibre post and composite core restoration on the 25 and replacement of the DO restoration on the 24 which had been affected by recurrent caries.

 

 

RESULTS

The diagnosis, location, instrumentation, and obturation of all three canals were successful.

 

DISCUSSION

Endodontic treatment of maxillary premolars remains a challenge because of the variety of root numbers and root canal configurations.1,2 It is important to identify all the root canals to ensure that the oral health practitioner can endodontically manage all the canals successfully.1,3-5,7

The location, negotiation, and obturation of each root canal require the accurate interpretation of radiographic images.1 During endodontic treatment, periapical radiographic images are frequently used for identifying the number of roots and root canals of teeth with a variety of configurations in order to make an accurate diagnosis.17,9,11,12

However these radiographs provide only a two-dimensional image and it may be necessary to take radio-graphic images from multiple angles to ensure that the additional canals within the three-dimensional root are not missed by the oral healthcare practitioner.1,7,9,15,12

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is another accurate option for consideration as it allows a three-dimensional view of teeth with complex root canal variations.21-24 In this case the diagnosis, location, negotiation, and obturation of the patient's maxillary second premolar was completed without the need for radio-graphic images from multiple angles since all the canals and roots were clearly visible on the initial radio-graphic image (Figure 1).

Magnification of the operating field using the dental operating microscope ensured improved visual acuity and favorable ergonomics for the oral health care practitioner resulting in an efficient and effective endo-dontic procedure.25

This variation of the maxillary second premolar with three roots and three root canals demonstrated morphology similar to the maxillary premolars described in the international endodontic literature.1,4,14-20

Research involving the maxillary second premolar within a South African population is required to determine if other similarities or differences exist so that the results can be compared with the published research results of other countries.

The restoration of an endodontically treated premolar can be a challenge because the tooth is prone to fracture due to cusp deflection.26-28 It is therefore advisable to restore form and function with a reliable long term final restoration such as a bonded ceramic restoration that provides cuspal coverage.28,29

The success of the final restoration, however, depends on the structure of the remaining tooth.29,30 Accommodating straight-line access of three endodontic files into the openings of three root canal apertures frequently requires the destruction of a large part of the tooth crown.1,2

The ideal access cavity for a maxillary premolar with three canals is the classic "T shape" with two buccal canals (mesial and distal) and one palatal canal.2 However a more frequent design, due to caries destruction, is the oval-shaped access cavity and that may compromise the structure and strength of the mineralized tissues of the natural crown.2

This results in the natural tooth having insufficient support and strength to support the recommended ceramic restoration. Resistance and retention features to support the ceramic restoration must then be borrowed from the walls of the root canal space, applying adhesive techniques and the use of fibre-reinforced composite posts.29,30

A ceramic restoration with cuspal coverage with or without the use of a fibre reinforced composite post is the preferred restoration.29,31 The oral health care practitioner should, therefore, ensure that the root canal space selected to receive the post is instrumented to a sufficiently wide degree and to check that the root has sufficient length to accommodate a fibre-reinforced composite post.

This case report suggests that the palatal root canal space of a second maxillary premolar is the preferred root canal space to receive a fibre-reinforced composite post. The following factors must, therefore, be taken into consideration before entering the restorative phase of a maxillary second premolar:

1. Affordability (can the patient afford to pay for the ceramic crown),

2. Design of the retention space (can the root and root canal space support a post and core).

3. The health of the periodontium (is the periodontal status and oral hygiene favourable).

4. The abutment design (can the abutment incorporate a ferrule design to support a post and core).

If the answer to any of the above factors is a "no", then an alternative treatment plan, suitable for the particular patient, should be considered.

 

CONCLUSION

Anatomical variations of premolars have a direct effect on the diagnosis, treatment plan and prognosis of endodontic treatment.32 This case report is intended to help oral health care practitioners improve their awareness of the procedural and restorative challenges that they may face when performing endodontic treatment on a maxillary second premolar with three roots and three canals.

The location of all three canals required a large access cavity design that reduced the strength and support of the mineralized tissues. The suggested long term restoration for such a maxillary second premolar is a bonded ceramic restoration that provides cuspal coverage with a fibre reinforced composite post.

Patient consent

The authors certify that consent for the procedure performed on the patient was obtained. A waiver of informed consent for the publication of this case study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee.

The patient's identity was not disclosed.

Conflict of interest

No conflict of interest is declared by the authors.

 

References

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Correspondence:
Vinesh Bookhan
Department of Odontology, School of Dentistry
University of Pretoria
South Africa.
Email: vinesh.bookhan@up.ac.za

 

 

Author contributions:
1 . Vinesh Bookhan: Main author - 50%
2 . Glynn D Buchanan: Co-author - 40%
3 . Zunaid I Vally: Co-author - 10%

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