Resumo

FOUCHE, Nadine; VAN DEN BERG, Ria  e  OLIVIER, Jako. Carstens's framework of Afrikaans conjunction markers: A more accurate and complete version. Tydskr. geesteswet. [online]. 2017, vol.57, n.3, pp.814-836. ISSN 2224-7912.  http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2017/v57n3a10.

For the past two decades, Carstens's framework of Afrikaans conjunction markers has been used as the standard classification for measuring the use of conjunction markers. His classification of compromise can be viewed as the work of a pioneer due to the combining of Halliday and Hasan's (1976) four main categories of conjunction markers with the sub-categories of classifications of other researchers. In this process, he linked the use of Afrikaans conjunction markers for the first time to a framework, which has already received international stature within the literature with regard to the use of conjunction markers. Halliday and Hasan (1976:235) highlights the fact that there exists a shortcoming concerning a uniform inventory for the use of conjunction markers in English, because the function(s) of a particular conjunction marker - recorded into this classification - is dependent on the contexts in which the conjunction marker is used. Moreover, these contexts are not always clearly indicated. The same principle holds true for Afrikaans and other languages. Quite a useful number of classifications for conjunction markers are available in literature concerning Afrikaans and English.¹ Carstens brought together information from all of these Afrikaans and English sources that appeared before the publication of his first framework for his classification of compromise concerning Afrikaans conjunction markers. In 2014, Carstens's framework received its first criticism based on the findings of a corpus linguistic study completed by Jordaan (2014). Two years later, Fouché (2016) identified additional shortcomings. The fact that Carstens's framework received criticism, is a clear indication that his classification is being used as a frame of reference when the use of conjunction markers in Afrikaans is studied. The aim of this article was, therefore, to compile a more accurate and complete framework. For the compilation of such a framework for conjunction markers in Afrikaans, the first classifications of linguists on which Carstens based his framework were analysed (compare the above-mentioned sources published before 1996) together with other classifications that were published before his framework came into being (compare inter alia Ponelis 1979 and Van der Merwe 1996). Secondly, classifications that were published after his framework (compare inter alia Jordaan 2014:39-40; 2016:157-159, 164-167 and Fouché 2016:71-80, 109-111) as well as subsequent criticism were critically analysed. In preference to a critical analysis of these sources, Carstens's framework was complemented with examples and changes were made. His framework was complemented with conjunction markers, such as in stede van, totdat, aangesien, buiten, anders, in die eerste/tweede/derde/ laaste plek, ten eerste/tweede/derde/slotte and samevattend (provided these markers have the function of combining sentences). Proposals were made with regard to changes in the placement of specific conjunction markers, in particular subcategories and the reallocation and integration of categories used in Carstens's framework. An example is the reallocation of nogtans from the main category redegewend to the main category teenstellend. In addition, the following conjunction markers - die voorwaarde dat, met dien verstande and dus − have all been moved to the main category redegewend due to the function of explanation these markers fulfil (these markers indicate cause-effect-relationship between two sentences) to initiate joining or to indicate comparisons. Carstens's framework was also changed by integrating two of the sub-categories, namely ordenend and rangskikkend, because the difference between these two sub-categories was not clearly indicated. The largest proposed change with regard to Carstens's framework is the adding of a fifth main category (introductors to projected subordinate clauses) and one sub-category (i.e. the expansion of Carstens's main category aaneenskakelendwith a sub-category illustrerend and verduidelikend).

Palavras-chave : Carstens's framework of conjunction markers; conjunction markers; transition markers; connectors; conjunctions; discourse markers; gambits.

        · resumo em Africaner     · texto em Africaner     · Africaner ( pdf )