Abstract

DAVIES-COLEMAN, Michael T.; ANTUNES, Edith M.; BEUKES, Denzil R.  and  SAMAAI, Toufiek. Colourful chemistry of South African latrunculid sponges. S. Afr. j. sci. [online]. 2019, vol.115, n.5-6, pp.1-7. ISSN 1996-7489.  http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2019/5534.

Marine sponges - in common with many other sessile marine invertebrates seemingly devoid of obvious physical forms of defence against predators, e.g. spines or shells - are the sources of a diverse array of organic chemical compounds known as marine natural products or secondary metabolites. Recent research has indicated that the production of natural products via cellular secondary metabolic pathways in some sponge species may not occur within the sponge cells themselves, but rather in microbial endosymbionts which inhabit the surface and interstitial spaces within the sponge tissue. Regardless of their biosynthetic origin, the bioactivity, e.g. toxicity, of many of these marine natural products may be utilised by sponges as chemical feeding deterrents to discourage predation or to provide a chemical anti-fouling competitive edge in the intense competition for living space amongst filter-feeders on space-limited benthic reefs. Paradoxically, a small number of sponge natural products have serendipitously shown potential as new pharmaceuticals, e.g. novel anti-cancer drugs. Marine biodiscovery (or bioprospecting) is the search for new pharmaceuticals from marine organisms. Exploration of the taxonomy, natural products chemistry and biomedicinal potential of the rich diversity of South African latrunculid sponges (family Latrunculiidae), at Rhodes University, the South African Department of Environmental Affairs and the University of the Western Cape has continued unabated for over a quarter of a century as part of a collaborative marine biodiscovery programme. A short review of this multidisciplinary latrunculid sponge research is presented here. SIGNIFICANCE: • Research into the taxonomy, chemistry and microbiology of latrunculid sponges is the most comprehensive, multidisciplinary investigation of any group of African marine sponges. • The potent cytotoxicity of the pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloid pigments isolated from latrunculid sponges may have biomedical applications. • This review underlines the importance of conserving and protecting South Africa's unique marine invertebrate resources.

Keywords : marine sponges; Latrunculiidae; sponge taxonomy; marine alkaloids; bioactivity.

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