Lexikos

Synonymy from a Prototype Theory Perspective and its Symbiosis with Polysemy: Towards a New Dictionary of Synonyms

This paper presents an attempt at providing a model for comprehensive, precise and systematic presentation of a word's synonymy within a dictionary entry, especially in the case of highly polysemous words. It is founded on the complementarity of polysemy and synonymy and a prototype-based view of the latter lexical relation. The proposed model is presented through four steps of tailoring an entry in a new dictionary of synonyms: the analysis of a word's polysemous structure, the compilation of a word's synonym sets viewed as prototype-based categories, the definition of synonyms within a set and the structure and organisation of an individual synonym set and the whole entry. Comprehensiveness of synonymy presentation according to the model is reflected in the fact that an entry lists synonym sets corresponding to different senses of the given headword as well as in the tendency for each set to offer a wide range of synonyms. Systematicity and precision in synonymy presentation are achieved primarily due to the application of prototype-based principles to the structuring and organizing of synonym sets and the defining of synonyms. The model also opens up the possibility of a transparent diagram-based visual representation of a word's synonymy in an electronic dictionary offering a more convenient visual organisation of large amounts of information.

In hierdie artikel word 'n poging wat aangewend is om 'n model vir omvattende, eksakte en sistema-tiese voorstelling van 'n woord se sinonimie binne 'n woordeboekinskrywing daar te stel, veral by hoogs polisemiese woorde, bekend gestel. Dit is gebaseer op die komplementariteit van polisemie en sinonimie en 'n prototipegebaseerde siening van die laasgenoemde leksikale verwantskap. Die voorgestelde model word uiteengesit in vier stappe waarin 'n inskrywing in 'n nuwe sinoniem-woordeboek aangepas word: die analise van 'n woord se polisemiese struktuur, die samestelling van 'n woord se sinoniemstelle gesien as prototipegebaseerde kategorieë, die definiëring van sinonieme binne 'n stel en die strukturing en organisering van 'n individuele sinoniemstel en die volledige inskrywing. Volgens die model word die omvattendheid van sinoniemaanbieding daarin gereflekteer dat 'n inskrywing sinoniemstelle lys wat ooreenstem met verskillende betekenisse van die gegewe lemma sowel as in die tendens van elke stel om 'n wye reeks sinonieme te vertoon. Konsekwentheid en akkuraatheid in sinoniemvoorstelling word hoofsaaklik verkry deur die toepassing van prototipegebaseerde beginsels op die strukturing en organisering van sinoniemstelle en die definiëring van sinonieme. Die model ontsluit ook die moontlikheid van 'n deursigtige diagramgebaseerde visuele voorstelling van 'n woord se sinonimie in 'n elektroniese woordeboek wat 'n geriefliker visuele samestelling van groot hoeveelhede inligting aanbied.

African Englishes in the Oxford English Dictionary

In some of its recent quarterly updates, the Oxford English Dictionary has published particularly large batches of new and revised entries from South African English, Nigerian English, and East African English. The present article is a detailed discussion of the editorial work behind these updates for African varieties of English, whose distinctive vocabularies the OED is currently taking steps to cover more widely. The paper explains how words are selected for inclusion, how new entries are researched and written, how new sources of textual evidence such as social media give OED editors greater insight into African Englishes, and how the dictionary's African consultants and users contribute to ensuring the accuracy and authenticity of the OED's definitions, etymologies, pronunciations, and quotation evidence. The article also highlights a selection of African words and phrases that have recently been added to or revised in the OED, all of which show the many different forms of lexical innovation that shape the distinctive vocabularies of African Englishes.

In sommige van die onlangse kwartaallikse bywerkings van die Oxford English Dictionary is besonder baie nuwe en her-siene inskrywings uit Suid-Afrikaanse Engels, Nigeriese Engels en Oos-Afrikaanse Engels gepubliseer. Hierdie artikel is 'n gedetailleerde bespreking van die redaksionele werk agter hierdie bywer-kings vir Afrika-variëteite van Engels waarvoor die OED tans poog om wyer dekking aan elkeen se kenmerkende woordeskatte te verleen. Hier word uiteengesit hoe woorde vir insluiting geselekteer word, hoe nuwe inskrywings nagevors en gedefinieer word, hoe nuwe bronne van tekstuele bewys soos die sosiale media die OED-redakteurs groter insig in Afrika-Engels gee, en hoe die woorde-boek se Afrika-adviseurs en -gebruikers daartoe bydra om die akkuraatheid en geloofwaardigheid van die OED se definisies, etimologieë, uitspraakaanduidings en aanhalingsbewysmateriaal te verse-ker. Die artikel plaas ook klem op 'n groep Afrika-woorde en -frases wat onlangs toegevoeg is tot of hersien is in die OED, waarvan almal die verskillende vorme van leksikale vernuwing toon wat die kenmerkende woordeskatte van Afrika-Engels vorm.

Heming Yong and Jing Peng. A Sociolinguistic History of British English Lexicography. 2022

A New English-Serbian Dictionary of Sports Terms in the Light of Contemporary Challenges

This paper deals with theoretical and practical aspects of the recently published Novi englesko-srpski rečnik sportskih termina [Eng. A New English-Serbian Dictionary of Sports Terms] (Milić et al. 2021). The aim is to shed light on solutions that have given rise to innovations in Serbian lexicography. Following the theoretical underpinnings of the lexicographic model and its description, the discussion centers on resolving macrostructural and microstructural issues that could not be brought into accordance with the existing lexicographic and lexicological norms. The problematic issues dealt with include the morphosyntax of headwords, the adaptation of Japanese-based and gymnastics terms from English into Serbian, and the Dictionary's medium in the digital era. The current research builds on previous works from 2017 to 2021, the main result of which was the publication of the Dictionary.

In hierdie artikel word aandag geskenk aan teoretiese en praktiese aspekte van die onlangs gepubliseerde Novi englesko-srpski rečnik sportskih termina [Afr. 'n Nuwe Engels-Serwiese Woordeboek van Sportterme] (Milić et al. 2021). Die doel daarmee is om lig te werp op oplossings wat gelei het tot vernuwings in die Serwiese leksikografie. Ná die teoretiese onderbou van die leksikografiese model en die beskrywing daarvan word daar in die bespreking op die oplos van die makro- en mikrostrukturele kwessies wat nie met die bestaande leksikografiese en leksikologiese norme in ooreenstemming gebring kon word nie, gefokus. Die problematiese kwessies wat hanteer word, sluit die morfosintaksis van trefwoorde, die aanpas van Japannees-gebaseerde en gimnastiekterme uit Engels in Serwies, en die medium van die Woordeboek in die digitale era in. Die huidige navorsing bou voort op voorafgaande werk vanaf 2017 tot 2021, waarvan die belangrikste resultaat die publikasie van die Woordeboek was.

**The Names of the Balkan Peoples and the Names of the Inhabitants of Balkan Countries in Lexicography (on the Example of the Dictionary of Montenegrin National and Literary Language)**

Lexicography is yet another witness of the historic recurrence in the Balkans - fifty years after banning Miloš Moskovljević's Dictionary of Contemporary Serbo-Croatian Literary Language with Language Manual (1966), the distribution of the first volume of the Dictionary of Montenegrin National and Literary Language (2016) of the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts was stopped due to political reasons. Among other things, the representatives of the Albanian and Bosniak people in the Parliament of Montenegro demanded that the Dictionary of Montenegrin National and Literary Language be withdrawn due to the "offensive" and "discriminatory" definition of the terms Albanian and Bosniak. This has shown, once again, that Balkan ethnonyms and (or) demonyms have considerable weight in the descriptions of lexical material and that they can lead to the situation where politics defeats lexicography. That is why we will deal, primarily from a linguistic perspective, with the lexicographic definitions of ethnonyms and demonyms that are controversial in Montenegro. Starting from their foundation on ethnic or civic identity, we want to examine the possibilities and justification of the definition of these concepts bearing in mind the broader socio-political framework.

Die leksikografie is weereens 'n voorbeeld van die histories herhalende gebeure in die Balkanlande - vyftig jaar nadat Miloš Moskovljević se Dictionary of Contemporary Serbo-Croatian Literary Language with Language Manual (1966), verban is, is die verspreiding van die eerste volume van die Dictionary of Montenegrin National and Literary Language (2016) van die Montenegrynse Akademie van Wetenskap en Kuns weens politieke redes gestaak. Die verteenwoordigers van die Albanese en Bosniese volke in die Parlement van Montenegro het onder andere daarop aangedring dat die Dictionary of Montenegrin National and Literary Language weens die "beledigende" en "diskriminerende" definisies van die terme Albaniër en Bosniër onttrek word. Dit het weereens getoon dat Balkan-etnonieme en (of) demonieme aansienlike invloed het op die beskrywings van leksikale materiaal en dat hierdie twee taalelemente tot die situasie kan lei waar die politiek die leksikografie die onderspit laat delf. Dit is waarom ons die leksikografiese definisies van etnonieme en demonieme wat kontroversieel in Montenegro is, hoofsaaklik vanuit 'n linguistiese perspektief sal hanteer. Met hul basis van etniese en burgerlike identiteit as vertrekpunt wil ons die moontlikhede van en regverdiging vir die definisies van hierdie konsepte met inagneming van die groter sosio-politieke struktuur ondersoek.

KIU (Kiswahili-Italiano-UniOr): The UniOr online Dictionary for Italian L1 Swahili Learners

KIU is an online bilingual Swahili-Italian dictionary with about 6000 entries aimed primarily at Italian L1 Swahili learners and which has been developed at the University of Naples 'L'Orientale'. The project was started in 2003 by M. Toscano and developed with the collaboration of language experts and young researchers until 2009 with the aim of offering online lexical resources from Swahili to Italian for learners of the language. After a long interruption, the work was resumed in 2019 by the authors of this article in cooperation with M. Toscano and a team of expert IT technicians. The current work consists of the development ex novo of the dictionary software, which had become obsolete, along with a redesign of some lexicographic features. In this report we will show how the upgraded version of the dictionary software has been implemented, with relevant learner-oriented features, by taking into consideration the standard lexicographic characteristics of Swahili-Italian bilingual dictionaries. This dictionary represents a valuable support for L2 learners and is the only on-line Swahili-Italian dictionary expressly built for university students and Italian users at large.

KIU is 'n aanlyn tweetalige Swahili-Italiaanse woordeboek met ongeveer 6000 inskrywings wat hoofsaaklik gerig is op Italiaanse L1-Swahili-aanleerders en wat deur die Universiteit van Napels 'L'Orientale' ontwikkel is. Die projek is in 2003 deur M. Toscano van stapel gestuur en is met die samewerking van taalkundiges en jong navorsers tot 2009 ontwikkel met die doel om aanlyn leksikale hulpbronne uit Swahili na Italiaans vir aanleerders van die taal aan te bied. Ná 'n lang onderbreking is die werk in 2019 deur die outeurs van hierdie artikel in samewerking met M. Toscano en 'n span kundige IT-tegnici hervat. Die werk bestaan tans uit die ex novo-ontwikkeling van die woordeboeksagteware wat verouderd geraak het asook uit 'n herontwerp van sommige leksikografiese kenmerke. In hierdie verslag sal ons aantoon hoe die opgegradeerde weergawe van die woordeboeksagteware, met inagneming van die standaard leksikografiese eienskappe van Swahili-Italiaanse tweetalige woordeboeke, geïmplementeer is met relevante aanleerder-georiënteerde kenmerke. Die woordeboek verleen waardevolle steun aan L2-aanleerders en is die enigste aanlyn Swahili-Italiaanse woordeboek wat spesifiek vir universiteitstudente en vir Italiaanse gebruikers oor die algemeen geskep is.

Evaluating the Usefulness of the Learning Tools in Monolingual Online Dictionaries for Learners of English: Gauging the Preferences of Polish Students of English

The aim of the report is twofold. First, the learning tools available in monolingual online dictionaries for learners of English are described. Second, an evaluation of the usefulness of the learning tools in online dictionaries is provided. To meet the aims of the present contribution, a survey was administered on 318 Polish students of English. The respondents, who participated in a lecture devoted to the topic of learning tools in online dictionaries, were instructed to complete a questionnaire. A mixed-question format was adopted. In the first part of the questionnaire, the participants had to rate the usefulness of the features of the Macmillan Dictionary on a semantic differential scale of 1-7. In the second part, there were two open-ended questions. The students were asked to name the most and least useful learning tools of the Macmillan Dictionary and explain their choices. The results suggest that English majors studying at a Polish university accord high priority to consulting online learning tools which give them valuable information on collocations, synonyms and semantically related words.

Die doel met hierdie verslag is tweërlei. Eerstens word die aanleerdershulpmiddels wat in eentalige aanlyn woordeboeke vir aanleerders van Engels beskikbaar is, beskryf. Tweedens word 'n evaluering van die bruikbaarheid van die aanleerdershulpmiddels in aanlynwoordeboeke verskaf. Om aan die doelwitte van hierdie bydrae te voldoen, is 'n opname met 318 Poolse studente van Engels gedoen. Die respondente, wat deelgeneem het aan 'n lesing gewy aan die onderwerp van aanleerdershulpmiddels in aanlyn woordeboeke, is versoek om 'n vraelys te voltooi. 'n Formaat van gemengde vrae is gebruik. In die eerste deel van die vraelys moes die deelnemers die kenmerke van die Macmillan Dictionary op 'n semanties gedifferensieerde skaal van 1-7 plaas. In die tweede deel was daar twee oop vrae. Die studente is versoek om die mees en mins bruikbare aanleerdershulpmiddels van die Macmillan Dictionary te lys en om redes te gee vir hul keuses. Die resultate dui daarop dat studente met Engels as hoofvak wat aan 'n Poolse universiteit studeer, hoë prioriteit verleen aan die raadpleeg van aanlyn aanleerdershulpmiddels wat aan hulle waardevolle inligting oor kollokasies, sinonieme en semanties verwante woorde verskaf.