Effects of oolitic haematite ore additions on the compressive strength of iron ore pellets by

China’s iron and steel industry has led to an increasing shortage of domestic iron ore resources. China currently imports more than 60% of its iron ore requirements (Xu and Shi, 2015). In order to reduce dependence on foreign iron ore resources, it is necessary to increase the development and utilization of existing iron ore resources in China. Oolitic haematite ore is widely distributed and available in China. The explored reserves of this type of iron ore reach 3720 Mt, which is approximately 11% of the total iron ore resources (Sun, Han, and Gao, 2014). Oolitic haematite ore has a unique structure, as shown in Figure 1, characterized by spherical grains composed of concentric layers. The iron oxides, fluorapatite, and chamosite (a hydrous aluminium silicate of iron) are intimately intermixed; moreover, microfine-grained haematite is disseminated with gangue minerals (Wu, Wen, and Cen, 2011). It is difficult to obtain high-grade iron concentrates with a low phosphorus content using conventional magnetic separation or froth flotation methods following fine grinding of oolitic haematite ores (Li et al., 2013; Nunes et al., 2012; Yu, Yu, and Xu, 2013). However, it is very important for the future of China’s steel industry to increase the exploitation and utilization of this kind of ore. Oolitic haematite ores vary widely in chemical composition. Oolitic haematite is one of the most refractory iron ores, and is characterized by low total iron content (30–55%, although the grade in individual places can reach more than 55%), and high phosphorus (0.4–1.8%) and alumina ( 2.5–9.0%) contents. After beneficiation, the ore grade is about 58%, the SiO2 content is above 9%, and the contents of Al2O3 and P are higher (0.4%–1.8% P and 2.5%–9.0% Al2O3, respectively). Increasing the concentrate grade to more than 64% Fe will not only incur a great increase in mineral processing costs, but the metal yield will also decrease. In this study in order to explore the possibility of utilizing oolitic haematite with a higher grade of iron, which has not been enriched by mineral processing, oolitic haematite ore was used as an addition in pellet production, and a preliminary study of the effect of various additions on the compressive strength of pellets was carried out, based on the changes in the porosity of the finished pellets and the oxidation-recrystallization of the pellets,. The results can provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the industrial development and utilization of this kind of iron ore.


Introduction
In recent years, the rapid development of China's iron and steel industry has led to an increasing shortage of domestic iron ore resources.China currently imports more than 60% of its iron ore requirements (Xu and Shi, 2015).In order to reduce dependence on foreign iron ore resources, it is necessary to increase the development and utilization of existing iron ore resources in China.Oolitic haematite ore is widely distributed and available in China.The explored reserves of this type of iron ore reach 3720 Mt, which is approximately 11% of the total iron ore resources (Sun, Han, and Gao, 2014).Oolitic haematite ore has a unique structure, as shown in Figure 1, characterized by spherical grains composed of concentric layers.The iron oxides, fluorapatite, and chamosite (a hydrous aluminium silicate of iron) are intimately intermixed; moreover, microfine-grained haematite is disseminated with gangue minerals (Wu, Wen, and Cen, 2011).It is difficult to obtain high-grade iron concentrates with a low phosphorus content using conventional magnetic separation or froth flotation methods following fine grinding of oolitic haematite ores (Li et al., 2013;Nunes et al., 2012;Yu, Yu, and Xu, 2013).However, it is very important for the future of China's steel industry to increase the exploitation and utilization of this kind of ore.
Oolitic haematite ores vary widely in chemical composition.Oolitic haematite is one of the most refractory iron ores, and is characterized by low total iron content (30-55%, although the grade in individual places can reach more than 55%), and high phosphorus (0.4-1.8%) and alumina ( 2.5-9.0%)contents.After beneficiation, the ore grade is about 58%, the SiO 2 content is above 9%, and the contents of Al 2 O 3 and P are higher (0.4%-1.8% P and 2.5%-9.0%Al 2 O 3 , respectively).Increasing the concentrate grade to more than 64% Fe will not only incur a great increase in mineral processing costs, but the metal yield will also decrease.In this study in order to explore the possibility of utilizing oolitic haematite with a higher grade of iron, which has not been enriched by mineral processing, oolitic haematite ore was used as an addition in pellet production, and a preliminary study of the effect of various additions on the compressive strength of pellets was carried out, based on the changes in the porosity of the finished pellets and the oxidation-recrystallization of the pellets,.The results can provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the industrial development and utilization of this kind of iron ore.

Pellet preparation
The raw materials used to prepare pellets were Effects of oolitic haematite ore additions on the compressive strength of iron ore pellets magnetite concentrate and bentonite from an iron and steel plant, and oolitic haematite ore from Enshi in western Hubai Province, China.The chemical compositions are listed in Table I.As indicated in Table I, the grade of iron in the oolitic haematite ore is lower than that of the magnetite concentrate, and the impuritiy contents are higher.
To investigate the effects of the oolitic haematite on the compressive strength of the pellets, additions of 5%, 10%, and 15% by mass were made to the raw materials mix.Pellets without any oolitic haematite were also prepared as a baseline standard.The bentonite content was 2.0% in all cases.The proportions of raw materials are shown in Table II.
Green pellets were prepared in a disc pelletizer of 1.0 m diameter and 0.2 m rim depth, rotating at 20 r/min and inclined at 45° to the horizontal.The pelletizing time was 30 minutes.The moisture content of the green pellets was about 8%.The green pellets were screened to separate the 8-16 mm size fraction, and dried at 150°C for 2 hours in a drying cabinet.The dried green pellets were placed into a muffle furnace preheated to 900°C and with an air flow rate of 1.5 L/min.The furnace was then heated to 1250°C over a period of 30 minutes, and the pellets were roasted at 1250°C for 20 minutes, then cooled to ambient temperature.

Testing of pellet properties
The compressive strength of finished pellets was tested using a universal test machine (UTM) according to chinese standard GB/T14201-1993.The pressurizing capacity of the device must be greater than 10 kN, and the transmission capacity of the load cell greater than 10 kN.The running speed of the head is 15 ± 1 mm/min, which necessitates constant speed pressurizing.The pellet specimen was placed between two horizontal disks and then slowly pressed by the motor-driven UTM until it developed cracks and eventually collapsed.The load cell on the bottom disk recorded the compressive load versus displacement data.Twelve sample pellets of each pellet recipe were tested; the maximum and the minimum values were deleted, and the average of the rest of the values was considered to be the final compressive strength of the finished pellets.The porosities of the finished pellets were tested by the mercury injection method.The finished pellets were also characterized under a mineralogical microscope.

Results
The effects of oolitic haematite ore on the compressive strength of the pellets are shown in Figure 2. As the oolitic haematite addition is increased from zero to 15%, the compressive strength of the pellets gradually decreases, from about 3250 N with no oolitic haematite addition to 1729.1 N with 15% addition.
Figure 3 shows that the porosity of finished pellets increases from 13.11% to 19.85% as the proportion of oolitic haematite ore increases from zero to 15%.The microstructures of the pellets are shown in Figure 4 Analysis As can be seen from Figure 2   proportions of oolitic haematite ore.As the oolitic haematite addition increases from zero to 10%, the compressive strength of the pellets decreases from 3247.2 N to 2532.6 N, which still meets the requirement for blast furnace feed.However, at 15% addition, the compressive strength falls to 1729.1 N, which is below the requirements of the modern large-scale blast furnace.The porosity of pellets has a significant effect on the compressive strength.According to the Griffith microcrack theory, the relationship between the critical rupture stress and the elastic modular ratio (i.e., the ratio of normal stress to the corresponding normal strain) can be expressed as Equation [1] (Shen et al., 2014;Gao et al., 2013aGao et al., , 2013b)): where σ is the critical rupture stress (MPa), Y is a correlation coefficient that is determined by the size and shape of the sample and its crack (dimensionless), E is the elastic modular ratio (GPa), γ is the surface energy (J), and C is the halflength of the crack (m).
The empirical formula expressing the relationship between the elastic modular ratio and the porosity is shown in Equation [2)] ( Bao and Jin, 2010;Gao et al., 2013c): where E 0 is the elastic modulus ratio of a sample without any pores (GPa), K 1 and K 1 are constants determined by the shape and direction of the cracks (dimensionless), and ε is the porosity.The last term in Equation [2], K 2 ε 2 .is relatively small and can thus be ignored.
Equations [1] and [2] show that the critical rupture stress σ decreases when the porosity ε of the pellet increases, and the compressive strength of the pellet will consequently be diminished.Therefore, an increase in the proportion of oolitic haematite ore may result in an increase in the porosity of the pellets and subsequently in a decrease in compressive strength of the finished pellets.
As can be seen from Figure 4a, with no addition of oolitic haematite the oxidation and recrystallization of Fe 3 O 4 is better, and the crystallite is connecting together compactly and is evenly distributed.The crystallite is interlinkcrystallite.It is known that Fe 3 O 4 is oxidized to Fe 2 O 3 and that Fe 2 O 3 recrystallization is the main bonding mechanism for pellets.The better the recrystallization of Fe 2 O 3 , therefore, the greater the strength of the pellets, thus the compressive strength of the pellets without oolitic haematite ore is the greatest.An increase in the proportion of oolitic haematite ore results in an increase in the Fe 2 O 3 content of the pellets and thus a decrease in the degree of Fe 3 O 4 oxidation and recrystallization as Fe 2 O 3 .In this case, the Fe 2 O 3 crystallites are frangible and unevenly distributed, which leads to crystallite interlinkages-developing incompletely and a deterioration in the compressive strength of the finished pellets, as shown in Figure 4d.This is another reason for the decrease in the pellets' strength.

Conclusions
The compressive strength of magnetite concentrate pellets with different proportions of oolitic haematite ore was investigated.The porosity of finished pellets was determined to clarify how oolitic haematite ore affects the compressive strength.The main findings are summarized as follows.‰ The compressive strength of pellets decreases gradually with increasing mass fraction of oolitic haematite ore from zero to 15%.At mass fractions of oolitic haematite ore more than 10%, the compressive strength of pellets is lower than 2500 N. Therefore, the proportion of oolitic haematite ore in pellets should not exceed 10%.‰ The porosity of finished pellets increases gradually with increasing mass fraction of oolitic haematite ore.As the content of oolitic haematite ore increases from zero to 15%, the porosity of pellets increases from 13.11% to 19.85%.The increase of porosity leads to a decrease in the compressive strength of pellets.‰ With increasing oolitic haematite content, the degree of

Figure 2 -
Figure 2-Effects of oolitic haematite ore on the compressive strength of pellets

Fe 3 OsFigure 3 -Figure 4 -
Figure 3-Porosity of the pellets with different proportions of oolitic haematite ore